Industrial Revolution

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (industrial revolution) - revolutionary changes in the instruments and the organization of production, which led to the transition from preindustrial to industrial society. Classical and the earliest example of the Industrial Revolution is considered England late 18 - early 19 centuries.

Modern historical science of economics highlights in the history of mankind three major qualitative leap - three revolutions in the productive forces of society and the structures of society itself. Neolithic Revolution created generating economy; Industrial Revolution led to the transition from agrarian to industrial society, the ongoing technological revolution leads to a transition from an industrial society to a service. All these processes occur asynchronously in different countries and regions, but were global in nature.

The term "industrial revolution" (or "industrial revolution") emphasizes the rapid and explosive nature of the changes that have occurred at the turn of 18-19 centuries. first in England and then in other countries of the European civilization. For the first time this concept began to be used in the 1830 French economist Adolphe Blanqui. Since 1840 it has become widely used by Marxists: In the first volume of Capital, Karl Marx gave a detailed analysis of the revolutionary changes in the means of production, which became the foundation of the capitalist system. Among non-Marxists historians, the term "industrial revolution" has received universal acceptance in the late 19 century. under the influence of Lectures on the Industrial Revolution, the famous English historian Arnold Toynbee.

Along with the narrow interpretation of the industrial revolution as an event that is associated only with the genesis of capitalism, including social scientists and the wider spread of its interpretation, when the industrial revolution call any profound qualitative changes in the industrial field. Proponents of this approach does not distinguish one industrial revolution, and three (Table 1) or more. However, such a broad interpretation is not considered generally accepted.




correction Postage Telecommunications (telegraph, telephone) Radio Communication and Electronics Agriculture The emergence of scientific farming systems, plant and animal breeding Agricultural mechanization, chemical fertilizers Complex mechanization and chemicals, microbiology, beginning of the regulation of biological processes Construction and Building Materials Dominance of manual labor, brick and wood The first construction machinery, cement and concrete Industrial methods of construction, the use of new building materials and lightweight structures Forms of organization science Individual research activities The emergence of specialized scientific work Transformation of science in industry knowledge, sector of the economy Education Literacy and the emergence of vocational training Mass general and special education Considerable (several times) increase in the average level of education, the rapid development of higher education By: Zapariy VV, Nefedov SA The history of science and technology. Ekaterinburg, 2003



Among social scientists, and today is an ongoing debate about what exactly should be considered the main content of the industrial revolution of 18-19 cc. The most important changes in the era of the industrial revolution is called:

the emergence of a fundamentally new means of labor - the machines (ie, the mechanization of production);

formation of a new type of economic growth - the transition from slow and unstable to high self-sustaining growth;

complete the formation of a new social structure - the transformation of businesses and employees in the main social classes.