Routing problem is solved on the basis of analysis of the routing tables, placed in all the routers and end nodes. How, then, is the formation of these tables? By what means is provided by the adequacy of the information contained therein is constantly changing structure of the network? The main work of creating the routing tables is performed automatically, but also the ability to manually adjust or add to the table, too, are usually provided.
To automatically build routing tables, routers exchange information about the topology of a network component in accordance with the special service protocol. Minutes of this type are called routing protocols (or routing protocols). Routing protocols (eg, RIP, OSPF, NLSP) should be distinguished from the actual network protocols (eg, IP, IPX). Both serve as the network layer model OSI - are involved in package delivery to the recipient via heterogeneous composite network. But while the first collect and transmit over the network purely proprietary information, the latter intended to carry user data, as do the data link layer. Routing protocols use network protocols as a vehicle. When exchanging routing information protocol packets are placed in the routing of data packets the network layer or even the transport layer, so in terms of investment packages routing protocols should be formally assigned to a higher level than the network.
The fact that the routers to decide on the promotion of a package addressed to the address table, you can see their similarities with bridges and switches. However the nature of their use of address tables are quite different. Instead MAC - addresses in the routing tables will be numbers of networks that are connected to the InterNetwork. Another difference between the routing tables of the address tables of bridges is a way to create them. While the bridge builds a table, passively watching the information passing through its personnel being sent to end nodes of the network to each other routers on its own initiative, communicate special service packages, informing neighbors about their well-known networks in the internetwork, routers and links of these networks with routers . Usually taken into account not only the topology of the bonds, but their capacity and status. This allows routers to adapt more quickly to changes in network configuration, as well as the right to transmit packets in networks with arbitrary topology, allowing the existence of closed loops.
With the help of routing protocols, routers make up a map network connections or less detail. On the basis of this information for each network number is decided about which next router must forward packets sent to the network to route turned out to be rational. The results of these decisions are recorded in the routing table. If you change your network configuration, some entries in the table are invalidated. In such cases, the packets sent on false trails, may get stuck and lost. On how quickly the routing protocol aligns the contents of the table to the real state of the network depends on the quality of the entire network.
Routing protocols can be built based on different algorithms, different ways of constructing routing tables, ways of selecting the best route and the other features of their work.
In all the above examples, the choice of a rational path is defined only the next (closest) router, rather than the entire sequence of routers from start to end node. In accordance with this approach, routing is performed on a distributed scheme - each router is responsible for only a single step route, and the final route is composed as a result of all the routers through which the packet. Such algorithms are called one-step route.
There is also the opposite, a multi-step approach - source routing (Source Routing). In accordance with the source node sets in the network send a full package trip to follow through all the intermediate routers. When using multi-stage routing is not necessary to construct and analyze a routing table. This speeds up the passage of the package on the network, relieving routers, but the large burden placed on the leaf nodes. This scheme is used in computer networks today are much less likely than single-step scheme of distributed routing. However, the new version of IP, along with the classical one-stop routing will be enabled and source routing.
One-step algorithms, depending on the method of forming the routing tables are divided into three classes:
- Algorithms for a fixed (or static) routing;
- A simple routing algorithms;
- Algorithms for adaptive (or dynamic) routing.
In the fixed routing algorithms, all routing table entries are static. The network administrator decides on which routers must send packets with specific addresses, or manually (eg, using a utility route on Unix or Windows NT) enters the corresponding entries in the routing table. The table is usually created at boot time, she later used without modification as long as its content will not be edited manually. Such corrections may be needed, for example, if the network denies any router and its functions are assigned to a different router. Distinguish odnomarshrutnye tables in which each recipient is given one way, and mnogomarshrutnye table defining a number of alternative paths for each recipient. In mnogomarshrutnyh tables should be set to choose one of the routes. Most often, one way is key, and the rest - redundant. It is clear that the fixed routing algorithm, with its hand-forming routing tables only acceptable in small networks with simple topology. However, this algorithm can be used effectively and to work on major highways networks, as well as the very backbone can have a simple structure with obvious best ways of following packets on a subnet attached to the backbone.
In a simple routing algorithms routing table either does not use or being built without the participation of routing protocols. There are three types of simple routing:
- Random routing, when he arrived packet is sent into the first random direction, but the source;
- Avalanche routing, the packet is sent broadcast to all possible directions, but the source (similar to processing frames bridges with unknown address);
- Routing from previous experience, when the route selection is carried out on the table but the table is based on the principle of the bridge by the analysis of address fields packets appearing at the input ports.
The most common algorithms are adaptive (or dynamic) routing. These algorithms provide automatic updating of routing tables after network reconfiguration. Protocols that are based on adaptive algorithms that allow all routers to collect information about the topology of links in the network, quickly mastering the all configuration changes relationships. In the routing tables for adaptive routing usually contains information on the time interval during which the route will remain valid. This time is called the lifetime of the route (Time To Live, TTL).
Adaptive algorithms are usually distributed in nature, which is reflected in the fact that the network does not have any dedicated routers, which would collect and summarize the topological information: This work is distributed among all routers.
Friday, November 12, 2010
The Next Generation Of XML
Version of Tomcat 3.1, which we use here, working with the analyzer Sun JAXP 1.0, implementing only the interfaces SAX 1.0 API and the first level of DOM. Version 1.1 of JAXP parser will support a second level of the DOM and version 2.0 SAX. Many of the changes just make it easier to configure the characteristics of the analyzer, but some of them add significant new features.
In JAXP 1.1 will include a new package Javas.XML. Transform to define interfaces that support the transformation of XML data based on style sheets. Among other properties, you can select a more generalized analyzers, the manipulation of name spaces and simplify configuration of many parameters of the analyzer.
If you are interested in experimenting with the latest innovations associated with the XML support in Java, in drafting the parser Xerces Apache organization continues to consider new proposals. Many of the proposed amendments are in various stages of development, so that the Xerces parser is not a finished product, but rather a working draft.
In JAXP 1.1 will include a new package Javas.XML. Transform to define interfaces that support the transformation of XML data based on style sheets. Among other properties, you can select a more generalized analyzers, the manipulation of name spaces and simplify configuration of many parameters of the analyzer.
If you are interested in experimenting with the latest innovations associated with the XML support in Java, in drafting the parser Xerces Apache organization continues to consider new proposals. Many of the proposed amendments are in various stages of development, so that the Xerces parser is not a finished product, but rather a working draft.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
The IP protocol may be included in the two types of communications: unicast and multicast. Unicast - Communication between a single transmitter and one receiver. This is a direct link. However, some processes sometimes need to send the same message to a large number of receivers simultaneously. This is called spamming many addresses, which is one-to-many. Multicast has many applications. For example, many brokers may be simultaneously informed of the change in stock price, or travel agents can be informed of the cancellation of the trip. Some other applications include distance learning and video on demand.
The Evolution Of Digital Networks
Further development of the idea of integration is to bring together an extensive telephone network to data networks in a structure called the Digital Network Integrated Services (ISDN), in which data services and speech are provided simultaneously. Stimulating factor in the transition to ISDN is a low cost of data transmission over digital telephone network and the continued cost of service of voice to the already existing networks.
Giving the most common response in accordance with the definition of the International Consultative Committee for Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT, now the International Telecommunication Union - ITU), one can say that ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network - ISDN) - a network that grew out of a digital telephone network and providing digital connectivity from end to end (end-to-end) to support a wide range of services, including audio and other services, intended for users with a limited set of standard interfaces such as multi-user network.
As the name implies, the main aim is the integration of ISDN services to support them (video, audio, voice and data) required four separate networks. Video transmission is carried over coaxial lines, audio - for balanced lines, radio networks, for voice use copper twisted pair, and for services associated with the transfer of data requires coaxial or balanced cables. This variety of equipment is expensive to install and difficult to use. In the ISDN is different.
ISDN provides the ability to send voice, video and audio information data on one network with a unified cable equipment with incomparable with the previous network quality. This network is characterized by a variety of additional features such as automatic control of the width provided by the channel and establish a connection in the delivery of services.
One of the main reasons for not being able to provide full services listed above on the public telephone network - its analog nature. Using the analog channels is particularly unsuitable for applications intended for data transfer. In the analog network modulation process is used to convert digital data stream coming from the computer and consists of zeros and ones in a sequence of analog tones or pulses. On the receiving side of a process called demodulation, converts this sequence back to digital. The process of modulation-demodulation is very inefficient for the organization of the above services due to noise interference of the echo lines of low quality and limited bandwidth communication channel.
Networks require high-speed channels. Basic ISDN channel has a speed of 64 kbit / s, so that ISDN is an excellent tool for connecting, for example, local area networks. Just as computer networks, ISDN itself is digital, but it is not limited to buildings, urban area or city. It could be regional, national and even global. Velocity parameters and the digital nature of ISDN allows you to connect two remote devices for thousands of miles as easily as if they belonged to the same LAN and placed in adjacent rooms.
The first development in the area of ISDN started in 1976, and today we are witnessing the widespread introduction of ISDN in developed countries. Since 1988, however, the main efforts of the developers were focused on the development of the concept of a network that will be more revolutionary than ISDN. The new network was called Broadband ISDN (W-ISDN) and was originally conceived to address the fact that it is the successor to ISDN and be able to maintain its service, namely:
Ensure the transmission of voice and nonverbal information in a single network;
provide a non-switched, so dial-up connections, and providing for the possibility of circuit and packet;
ensure the possibility of dial-up connections for digital channels at 64 kbps.
On the other hand, W-ISDN will have a much greater capacity than ISDN. ITU-R characterizes the life of ISDN as a service requiring high-speed channels. For this simplified formulation, however, is highly complex network development plan and a set of services that will have far greater impact on the economy and social sphere of the world than ISDN. With the advent of W-ISDN will be possible services requiring data rates of tens, hundreds or thousands of times greater than the speed permissible in the ISDN. These services include handling graphics, HDTV, Ethernet, etc. This type of service are known as broadband services. They require high-speed channels on all sections of the network, as well as the respective switches.
Thus, the basis W-ISDN are high-speed and fast switching, providing a wide range of speeds and traffic parameters. All this becomes possible in the case of fiber optic cable and the so-called asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). The decision to use ATM for R-ISDN is quite remarkable and suggests that R-ISDN will be packet-oriented network, if we talk in terms of its interfaces and internal switching. Thus, R-ISDN, which began its development from a telephone switching network channels into a packet-switched network with the expansion of broadband services.
W-ISDN originated from narrowband ISDN or ISDN, but in fact only uses some of its ideas. In fact, W-ISDN ISDN is very different from the architecture and implementation, as the latter, although it is intended to implement digital transmission, but is designed to use existing cable systems, mostly copper, we inherited from the analog telephone networks. At the same time, W-ISDN as a transmission medium uses mostly fiber and relies on high-speed networking technology to provide users with a wide range of services - from narrowband to broadband. The following topics will be discussed in greater detail broadband service, and asynchronous transfer mode.
Giving the most common response in accordance with the definition of the International Consultative Committee for Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT, now the International Telecommunication Union - ITU), one can say that ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network - ISDN) - a network that grew out of a digital telephone network and providing digital connectivity from end to end (end-to-end) to support a wide range of services, including audio and other services, intended for users with a limited set of standard interfaces such as multi-user network.
As the name implies, the main aim is the integration of ISDN services to support them (video, audio, voice and data) required four separate networks. Video transmission is carried over coaxial lines, audio - for balanced lines, radio networks, for voice use copper twisted pair, and for services associated with the transfer of data requires coaxial or balanced cables. This variety of equipment is expensive to install and difficult to use. In the ISDN is different.
ISDN provides the ability to send voice, video and audio information data on one network with a unified cable equipment with incomparable with the previous network quality. This network is characterized by a variety of additional features such as automatic control of the width provided by the channel and establish a connection in the delivery of services.
One of the main reasons for not being able to provide full services listed above on the public telephone network - its analog nature. Using the analog channels is particularly unsuitable for applications intended for data transfer. In the analog network modulation process is used to convert digital data stream coming from the computer and consists of zeros and ones in a sequence of analog tones or pulses. On the receiving side of a process called demodulation, converts this sequence back to digital. The process of modulation-demodulation is very inefficient for the organization of the above services due to noise interference of the echo lines of low quality and limited bandwidth communication channel.
Networks require high-speed channels. Basic ISDN channel has a speed of 64 kbit / s, so that ISDN is an excellent tool for connecting, for example, local area networks. Just as computer networks, ISDN itself is digital, but it is not limited to buildings, urban area or city. It could be regional, national and even global. Velocity parameters and the digital nature of ISDN allows you to connect two remote devices for thousands of miles as easily as if they belonged to the same LAN and placed in adjacent rooms.
The first development in the area of ISDN started in 1976, and today we are witnessing the widespread introduction of ISDN in developed countries. Since 1988, however, the main efforts of the developers were focused on the development of the concept of a network that will be more revolutionary than ISDN. The new network was called Broadband ISDN (W-ISDN) and was originally conceived to address the fact that it is the successor to ISDN and be able to maintain its service, namely:
Ensure the transmission of voice and nonverbal information in a single network;
provide a non-switched, so dial-up connections, and providing for the possibility of circuit and packet;
ensure the possibility of dial-up connections for digital channels at 64 kbps.
On the other hand, W-ISDN will have a much greater capacity than ISDN. ITU-R characterizes the life of ISDN as a service requiring high-speed channels. For this simplified formulation, however, is highly complex network development plan and a set of services that will have far greater impact on the economy and social sphere of the world than ISDN. With the advent of W-ISDN will be possible services requiring data rates of tens, hundreds or thousands of times greater than the speed permissible in the ISDN. These services include handling graphics, HDTV, Ethernet, etc. This type of service are known as broadband services. They require high-speed channels on all sections of the network, as well as the respective switches.
Thus, the basis W-ISDN are high-speed and fast switching, providing a wide range of speeds and traffic parameters. All this becomes possible in the case of fiber optic cable and the so-called asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). The decision to use ATM for R-ISDN is quite remarkable and suggests that R-ISDN will be packet-oriented network, if we talk in terms of its interfaces and internal switching. Thus, R-ISDN, which began its development from a telephone switching network channels into a packet-switched network with the expansion of broadband services.
W-ISDN originated from narrowband ISDN or ISDN, but in fact only uses some of its ideas. In fact, W-ISDN ISDN is very different from the architecture and implementation, as the latter, although it is intended to implement digital transmission, but is designed to use existing cable systems, mostly copper, we inherited from the analog telephone networks. At the same time, W-ISDN as a transmission medium uses mostly fiber and relies on high-speed networking technology to provide users with a wide range of services - from narrowband to broadband. The following topics will be discussed in greater detail broadband service, and asynchronous transfer mode.
Broadband Reserve Channels Through A Global Network
Modern satellite technology offers broadband and not tied to a particular place a communications alternative to land-based WAN connections. Therefore, the corresponding solutions are suitable for redundant protection for corporate networks against the risks, or for flexible and rapid deployment in case of disasters.
A New Standard For Testing Optical Subsystem SCS
Realities of project implementation based on the new equipment required a revision of and additions to the basic provisions, which are normalized by the various procedures perform the tests. Innovations are reflected in the second edition of ISO / IEC 14763-3, approved in July 2006 Since the mid 90-ies, structured cabling system has become an integral component of a modern office. Moreover, at the turn of the century technique of SCS has been actively used in the residential sector and in industrial applications. As a result, about ten years ago, this area has become a separate business for many manufacturers, cable products and switching equipment, and companies specializing in system integration and installation works.
Global Networking
Competitor MPLS in metro networks
Multiprotocol Label Switching established in carrier backbones as the best means for transmitting IP traffic with support for classes of services via secure tunnels. However, suppliers of camera equipment has not yet come to an agreement on how deeply MPLS must penetrate into urban or regional networks. During a long discussion, the idea of using instead of expensive MPLS lite transport Ethernet - a method called Provider Backbone Transport.
Multiprotocol Label Switching established in carrier backbones as the best means for transmitting IP traffic with support for classes of services via secure tunnels. However, suppliers of camera equipment has not yet come to an agreement on how deeply MPLS must penetrate into urban or regional networks. During a long discussion, the idea of using instead of expensive MPLS lite transport Ethernet - a method called Provider Backbone Transport.
Evolution Of Base Stations To The "Distributed" Architecture
With the increasing size of WCDMA networks grew and their requirements, and development of technology has led to the need for base stations of a new generation of 3G. So-called "distributed" base stations have become the main trend of improving this technology.
Corporate Networking
Benefit through the integration of
In the area of Voice over IP for a long time it was a question to the full, consistently and reliably reproduce the classical telecommunication functions. And although the topic of fault tolerance and protection from eavesdropping not lost their relevance to this day, it becomes increasingly clear that the long-debated "added benefit" from the integration of two worlds - the digitized voice and data - into a single IP infrastructure is taking concrete shape. With the advent of a new generation of endpoint IP ordinary telephone conversations take the form of multimedia communications to support the exchange of information of all kinds.
Telecommunications infrastructure in the office of the future
The SIP protocol has already become an open standard for Internet-telephony, but in the corporate telecommunications solutions using SIP architecture is still limited. The article discusses the various technical problems of voice over IP in the enterprise, including security, fault tolerance and mobility. More than five years since, as the 2001 Session Initiation Protocol (Session Initiation Protocol, SIP) was adopted as a standard (RFC 3261). Since then he has added to the set of additional elements, but most importantly - manufacturers of devices based on SIP learned to use the provided IETF standard features.
In the area of Voice over IP for a long time it was a question to the full, consistently and reliably reproduce the classical telecommunication functions. And although the topic of fault tolerance and protection from eavesdropping not lost their relevance to this day, it becomes increasingly clear that the long-debated "added benefit" from the integration of two worlds - the digitized voice and data - into a single IP infrastructure is taking concrete shape. With the advent of a new generation of endpoint IP ordinary telephone conversations take the form of multimedia communications to support the exchange of information of all kinds.
Telecommunications infrastructure in the office of the future
The SIP protocol has already become an open standard for Internet-telephony, but in the corporate telecommunications solutions using SIP architecture is still limited. The article discusses the various technical problems of voice over IP in the enterprise, including security, fault tolerance and mobility. More than five years since, as the 2001 Session Initiation Protocol (Session Initiation Protocol, SIP) was adopted as a standard (RFC 3261). Since then he has added to the set of additional elements, but most importantly - manufacturers of devices based on SIP learned to use the provided IETF standard features.
Broadband Integrated Services
Modern satellite technology offers broadband and not tied to a particular place a communications alternative to land-based WAN connections. Therefore, the corresponding solutions are suitable for redundant protection for corporate networks against the risks, or for flexible and rapid deployment in case of disasters.
The first artificial Earth satellite was launched into Earth orbit for almost 50 years ago, and since the civil satellites were used initially for television programs, and then to provide bidirectional communication services, primarily voice and - in recent years increasingly - services based on IP. In this case, the popularity of VSAT systems is growing from year to year. VSAT stands for "terminal with ultra-aperture beam» (Very Small Aperture Terminal), ie, a terminal for satellite communications with the receiving stations, which use parabolic antennas with a small diameter from 0.55 to 2 meters - usually 1 m.
The first artificial Earth satellite was launched into Earth orbit for almost 50 years ago, and since the civil satellites were used initially for television programs, and then to provide bidirectional communication services, primarily voice and - in recent years increasingly - services based on IP. In this case, the popularity of VSAT systems is growing from year to year. VSAT stands for "terminal with ultra-aperture beam» (Very Small Aperture Terminal), ie, a terminal for satellite communications with the receiving stations, which use parabolic antennas with a small diameter from 0.55 to 2 meters - usually 1 m.
Monday, November 8, 2010
The general course of the Revolution
February 15, 1641 - King signed the "Triennial Act" - breaks between sessions, no more than 3 years.
Later + interrupt, postpone the meeting of the Parliament and dissolve the Parliament can only be himself.
Later + destruction "star chamber" and the High Commission.
January 1642 - King - New York to collect an army - the beginning of the Civil War.
1645 - "An act of the new model (because of the defeat of Parliament) - the regular army at the expense of state-va.
1647 - King of Scots gave Karla1 Long Parliament (1640 - 1653)
Puritans:
-Presbyterians - About Cromwell - wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy + recognition of human rights: freedom of conscience, speech, etc.
-Levellers - + Republic like the genuine equality of all citizens.
1649 - the court - the king executed
1648 - Praydova cleaning
January 4, 1649 - The House of Commons declared itself the supreme authority of the English statesman-va. People - the source of all authority.
March 7 - the title of king abolished
March 19 - Act on the Elimination of the House of Lords. Was soon established the State Council:
1) opposition to the restoration of the monarchy
2) guide Sun
3) measures to improve trade.
4) Foreign Policy
5) Taxes
The State Council - the supreme body of executive power - accountable to parliament.
May 19, 1649 - A - Republic
1653 - Cromwell accelerates Parliament - the power in the hands of Cromwell.
End of 1653 - a tool management (draft Instrument of Government) - Constitution during the dictatorship of Cromwell (Article 1) All legitimate authority - Lord - the protector and parliament, but the high qualification - unicameral Parliament.
Executive power - the Lord - Protector + State Council (13 - 21).
Lord - Protector: - during the breaks of the Parliament with the consent of the State Council - the commander in chief, concluded a treaty with other States, appointed to all senior positions in state-ve.
- The right to convene an emergency session of parliament + right suspensive veto.
- To - life, Lord - the protector. (Power is based on the fact that he appointed to senior officer positions and members of the State Council).
Gun control - personal dictatorship - jur. fixed Ch. reliance power - the army. For its maintenance tax was introduced, which could not be reduced or waived by the Parliament without the consent of the Lord Protector - the independence of Cromwellian in financial matters.
The legislation of the English Revolution
February 15, 1641 - King signed the "Triennial Act" - breaks between sessions, no more than 3 years.
Later + interrupt, postpone the meeting of the Parliament and dissolve the Parliament can only be himself.
Later + destruction "star chamber" and the High Commission.
1645 - "An act of the new model (because of the defeat of Parliament) - the regular army at the expense of state-va.
03/04/1645 - The act of self-denial - Members of Parliament may not hold positions of command in the army.
End of 1653 - a tool management (draft Instrument of Government) - Constitution during the dictatorship of Cromwell (Article 1) All legitimate authority - Lord - the protector and parliament, but the high qualification - unicameral Parliament.
O. Cromwell's Protectorate
1653 - Cromwell, leader of the Independent, using the general discontent, propels the parliament. Power completely into his hands. Council officers prepare a draft act on the form of government - "Gun Control".
ACT GOSUDRSTVENNOM and Government - The Constitution of England during the dictatorship of O. Cromwell.
1. Supreme legislative power concentrated at the Lord Protector and the people in the face of Parliament.
2. Highest qualification.
3. Executive power - a Lord Protector and the State Council. During breaks between sessions of Parliament Lord Protector, with the consent of the State Council:
commanded the army,
conclude agreements with other states,
appointed senior officials,
had the right to convene extraordinary parliamentary session,
had the right to suspensive veto on laws passed by Parliament.
Mainstay Lord Protector - the army. Cromwell was independent in financial matters. For the maintenance of the army was introduced special tax which the parliament could not cancel or reduce, without the consent of the Lord Protector.
Conclusion: "Gun Control" legal form to a personal dictatorship, declared a life of Cromwell, Lord Protector of Scotland and Ireland. Power based on the fact that the Lord Protector himself appointed members of the State Council and the highest official positions.
Restoration of the Stuarts. The legislation of the Restoration
1660 - O. Cromwell died. Restored Charles II.
1660 - Bredskaya Declaration:
a) not to pursue revolutionary
b) freedom of conscience
a) disputes over land Parliament decide.
1661 - convene a parliament.
Were reinstated House of Lords, Privy Council, whose composition is determined by the king, but he has no judicial powers, is not restored Star Chamber.
The old electoral system:
1) Test Act - (the oath), no position could be occupied without the oath to the King and Parliament (29/03/1673)
2) Habeas corpus Act - to protect individuals from the judicial tyranny, the possibility of release pending trial (1679).
Arrested asked the court to grant him about Habeas Corpus. Upon receipt of the National Assembly - the sheriff was to take the prisoner before a judge, who could release the prisoner from custody prior to sentencing. Person released by the National Assembly could not be re-imprisoned or arrested pending trial for the same crime.
NA Ast - contains a number of legal guarantees of personal immunity.
NA - not issued for treason or serious crime. NA - the principle is, STI and justice courts alone.
Glorious Revolution in 1688. Legislation B. Orange
1685 - against James II - Conspiracy
1688 - King dethroned - invited her husband's daughter of James II - William of Orange
January 1689 - Orange and his wife - Kings (Convent of succession).
1689 - Bill of Rights
1701 - Act of removing
Making a dualistic form of government
After the Glorious Revolution in the UK there is a constitutional monarchy.
Bill of rights - the outcome of the revolution:
Article 1 - The supremacy of Parliament in the law - suspension or withdrawal - of the laws without parliament illegally.
Article 4 - illegal collection and disposal of the crown without the consent of Parliament.
Article 6 - Recruitment and maintenance const. army - only with the consent of Parliament.
Article 5 - right to petition - the prosecution and detention for such petitions were forbidden.
Article 8 - 9 - prosecution for speech in the parliament are forbidden.
13 - to avoid abuse parliament should be convened frequently enough.
1694 - Triennial Act
Article 1 - Parliament - every 3 years.
Article 3 - the parliament did not act for more than three years.
1716 - seven years of the act - the term the parliament's powers 7 years
1701 - an act of dispensation of the Settlement Act.
1) persons who entered the English throne should take Anglicanism.
2) persons born outside the UK can not become a member of the Privy Council, Parliament or take a higher military or political office.
Judges could be suspended from work only on presentation of both Houses of Parliament (Article 3).
SO:
a) the supremacy of Parliament in the legislation
b) Parliament has the exclusive right to decide the budget and army troops.
c) the tenure of judges.
91. Legislation and parliamentary precedents of the times of Queen Anne
and Hanover. Reign of George III. Ministry Pete Younger
1.Akt of a connection with Scotland - 06/03/1707:
- From 01.05.1707 - England + Scotland = Great Britain.
- Right to the throne - Sofia, in accordance with the Settlement act.
- UK Parliament - represents both parts of the kingdom.
- Bringing the legislation in Scotland in accordance with the laws of England.
2. Act of 1707 positions:
- No person holding any public office can not be elected to membership in the lower house, or sit and vote in Parliament.
- If a member of the House of Commons will take the crown any paid position on the crown, his election is not valid.
- An exception to these rules - the officers of the army and navy.
3. The act of ensuring the freedom of parliament by further establishing the conditions of membership for the meeting in the Commons -1710.
- To the right of meeting and serving as a voting member of the House of Commons should have the property brings an annual income of £ 600 after taxes - for the knight county and £ 300 after tax for the city dweller or the Baron of five ports.
During this period, was established model PARL. system, power is proverbial.
1701 - an act of dispensation of the Settlement Act.
1) persons who entered the English throne should take Anglicanism.
2) persons born outside the UK can not become a member of the Privy Council, Parliament or take a higher military or political office.
Judges could be suspended from work only on presentation of both Houses of Parliament (Article 3).
Right to the throne - the offspring of Sofia (daughter Yakova1).
1. Judges are independent of the crown.
2. King can not pardon the accused in the Commons.
Precedents:
1. The first two King did not know English and did not participate in the Privy Council - there was a desk board.
2. By 1742 - the Whig Cabinet Uolpula. As a result, the office has fallen, and a precedent was set: the government, which was expressed kvotum confidence in Parliament should resign.
Demanding the resignation of the government could oppose the king's decree to dissolve parliament and call new elections, winning on which it has remained in power, otherwise it is giving way to their rivals. This system exists in the board Georga3. For the first time the dissolution of the Chamber in the interests of the cabinet - 1784 - under Pitt the Younger.
Later + interrupt, postpone the meeting of the Parliament and dissolve the Parliament can only be himself.
Later + destruction "star chamber" and the High Commission.
January 1642 - King - New York to collect an army - the beginning of the Civil War.
1645 - "An act of the new model (because of the defeat of Parliament) - the regular army at the expense of state-va.
1647 - King of Scots gave Karla1 Long Parliament (1640 - 1653)
Puritans:
-Presbyterians - About Cromwell - wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy + recognition of human rights: freedom of conscience, speech, etc.
-Levellers - + Republic like the genuine equality of all citizens.
1649 - the court - the king executed
1648 - Praydova cleaning
January 4, 1649 - The House of Commons declared itself the supreme authority of the English statesman-va. People - the source of all authority.
March 7 - the title of king abolished
March 19 - Act on the Elimination of the House of Lords. Was soon established the State Council:
1) opposition to the restoration of the monarchy
2) guide Sun
3) measures to improve trade.
4) Foreign Policy
5) Taxes
The State Council - the supreme body of executive power - accountable to parliament.
May 19, 1649 - A - Republic
1653 - Cromwell accelerates Parliament - the power in the hands of Cromwell.
End of 1653 - a tool management (draft Instrument of Government) - Constitution during the dictatorship of Cromwell (Article 1) All legitimate authority - Lord - the protector and parliament, but the high qualification - unicameral Parliament.
Executive power - the Lord - Protector + State Council (13 - 21).
Lord - Protector: - during the breaks of the Parliament with the consent of the State Council - the commander in chief, concluded a treaty with other States, appointed to all senior positions in state-ve.
- The right to convene an emergency session of parliament + right suspensive veto.
- To - life, Lord - the protector. (Power is based on the fact that he appointed to senior officer positions and members of the State Council).
Gun control - personal dictatorship - jur. fixed Ch. reliance power - the army. For its maintenance tax was introduced, which could not be reduced or waived by the Parliament without the consent of the Lord Protector - the independence of Cromwellian in financial matters.
The legislation of the English Revolution
February 15, 1641 - King signed the "Triennial Act" - breaks between sessions, no more than 3 years.
Later + interrupt, postpone the meeting of the Parliament and dissolve the Parliament can only be himself.
Later + destruction "star chamber" and the High Commission.
1645 - "An act of the new model (because of the defeat of Parliament) - the regular army at the expense of state-va.
03/04/1645 - The act of self-denial - Members of Parliament may not hold positions of command in the army.
End of 1653 - a tool management (draft Instrument of Government) - Constitution during the dictatorship of Cromwell (Article 1) All legitimate authority - Lord - the protector and parliament, but the high qualification - unicameral Parliament.
O. Cromwell's Protectorate
1653 - Cromwell, leader of the Independent, using the general discontent, propels the parliament. Power completely into his hands. Council officers prepare a draft act on the form of government - "Gun Control".
ACT GOSUDRSTVENNOM and Government - The Constitution of England during the dictatorship of O. Cromwell.
1. Supreme legislative power concentrated at the Lord Protector and the people in the face of Parliament.
2. Highest qualification.
3. Executive power - a Lord Protector and the State Council. During breaks between sessions of Parliament Lord Protector, with the consent of the State Council:
commanded the army,
conclude agreements with other states,
appointed senior officials,
had the right to convene extraordinary parliamentary session,
had the right to suspensive veto on laws passed by Parliament.
Mainstay Lord Protector - the army. Cromwell was independent in financial matters. For the maintenance of the army was introduced special tax which the parliament could not cancel or reduce, without the consent of the Lord Protector.
Conclusion: "Gun Control" legal form to a personal dictatorship, declared a life of Cromwell, Lord Protector of Scotland and Ireland. Power based on the fact that the Lord Protector himself appointed members of the State Council and the highest official positions.
Restoration of the Stuarts. The legislation of the Restoration
1660 - O. Cromwell died. Restored Charles II.
1660 - Bredskaya Declaration:
a) not to pursue revolutionary
b) freedom of conscience
a) disputes over land Parliament decide.
1661 - convene a parliament.
Were reinstated House of Lords, Privy Council, whose composition is determined by the king, but he has no judicial powers, is not restored Star Chamber.
The old electoral system:
1) Test Act - (the oath), no position could be occupied without the oath to the King and Parliament (29/03/1673)
2) Habeas corpus Act - to protect individuals from the judicial tyranny, the possibility of release pending trial (1679).
Arrested asked the court to grant him about Habeas Corpus. Upon receipt of the National Assembly - the sheriff was to take the prisoner before a judge, who could release the prisoner from custody prior to sentencing. Person released by the National Assembly could not be re-imprisoned or arrested pending trial for the same crime.
NA Ast - contains a number of legal guarantees of personal immunity.
NA - not issued for treason or serious crime. NA - the principle is, STI and justice courts alone.
Glorious Revolution in 1688. Legislation B. Orange
1685 - against James II - Conspiracy
1688 - King dethroned - invited her husband's daughter of James II - William of Orange
January 1689 - Orange and his wife - Kings (Convent of succession).
1689 - Bill of Rights
1701 - Act of removing
Making a dualistic form of government
After the Glorious Revolution in the UK there is a constitutional monarchy.
Bill of rights - the outcome of the revolution:
Article 1 - The supremacy of Parliament in the law - suspension or withdrawal - of the laws without parliament illegally.
Article 4 - illegal collection and disposal of the crown without the consent of Parliament.
Article 6 - Recruitment and maintenance const. army - only with the consent of Parliament.
Article 5 - right to petition - the prosecution and detention for such petitions were forbidden.
Article 8 - 9 - prosecution for speech in the parliament are forbidden.
13 - to avoid abuse parliament should be convened frequently enough.
1694 - Triennial Act
Article 1 - Parliament - every 3 years.
Article 3 - the parliament did not act for more than three years.
1716 - seven years of the act - the term the parliament's powers 7 years
1701 - an act of dispensation of the Settlement Act.
1) persons who entered the English throne should take Anglicanism.
2) persons born outside the UK can not become a member of the Privy Council, Parliament or take a higher military or political office.
Judges could be suspended from work only on presentation of both Houses of Parliament (Article 3).
SO:
a) the supremacy of Parliament in the legislation
b) Parliament has the exclusive right to decide the budget and army troops.
c) the tenure of judges.
91. Legislation and parliamentary precedents of the times of Queen Anne
and Hanover. Reign of George III. Ministry Pete Younger
1.Akt of a connection with Scotland - 06/03/1707:
- From 01.05.1707 - England + Scotland = Great Britain.
- Right to the throne - Sofia, in accordance with the Settlement act.
- UK Parliament - represents both parts of the kingdom.
- Bringing the legislation in Scotland in accordance with the laws of England.
2. Act of 1707 positions:
- No person holding any public office can not be elected to membership in the lower house, or sit and vote in Parliament.
- If a member of the House of Commons will take the crown any paid position on the crown, his election is not valid.
- An exception to these rules - the officers of the army and navy.
3. The act of ensuring the freedom of parliament by further establishing the conditions of membership for the meeting in the Commons -1710.
- To the right of meeting and serving as a voting member of the House of Commons should have the property brings an annual income of £ 600 after taxes - for the knight county and £ 300 after tax for the city dweller or the Baron of five ports.
During this period, was established model PARL. system, power is proverbial.
1701 - an act of dispensation of the Settlement Act.
1) persons who entered the English throne should take Anglicanism.
2) persons born outside the UK can not become a member of the Privy Council, Parliament or take a higher military or political office.
Judges could be suspended from work only on presentation of both Houses of Parliament (Article 3).
Right to the throne - the offspring of Sofia (daughter Yakova1).
1. Judges are independent of the crown.
2. King can not pardon the accused in the Commons.
Precedents:
1. The first two King did not know English and did not participate in the Privy Council - there was a desk board.
2. By 1742 - the Whig Cabinet Uolpula. As a result, the office has fallen, and a precedent was set: the government, which was expressed kvotum confidence in Parliament should resign.
Demanding the resignation of the government could oppose the king's decree to dissolve parliament and call new elections, winning on which it has remained in power, otherwise it is giving way to their rivals. This system exists in the board Georga3. For the first time the dissolution of the Chamber in the interests of the cabinet - 1784 - under Pitt the Younger.
Fitness & Health
Men! Want a perfect press? It is important to be slim and stylish? Women! Dreaming of a beautiful breast? On the delicate skin?
People! Would you like to enjoy life and nothing to worry about? Healthy people - healthy thoughts. Healthy mind - healthy life. Healthy life - a happy life. How nice to be healthy and never sick! Imagine how many cases you then remade! How many smiles gave to your family and friends!
Fitness - one of the means to be healthy and happy. What is fitness?
Fitness - this complex of activities and exercises to enhance human health. Today fitness - not just prevention and treatment of many diseases, including heart. Fitness of a new day - not one of use of hundreds of scientists, doctors, philosophers, psychologists ... Fitness - it is harmony with the world and with itself. Fitness - is a joy every day, it is the desire to live and enjoy every sunrise, and not faint on the next working day! ..
The best part? In contrast to aerobic fitness are all individually. This takes into account and the structure and features of the figure. Engaged in fitness can all, without exception, regardless of age and health, including pregnant women.
Fitness in the history of Mariupol
Fitness in Mariupol there not so long ago. Only since the mid 90-ies. However, as a method of improving the body, strengthening muscles and emotional discharge fitness proved themselves to be very, very well. Avicenna was one of the first centers offering similar services.
Wellness center "Avicenna" has existed for over 15 years. During these years, has assisted many. Someone did not like figure, someone to skin, someone had health problems, someone wanted to keep the tone of the whole organism (which in this industrial city of Mariupol as very, very important).
In the wellness center so far come even from other, nearby cities and towns. Large gym, qualified coaches, trainers, professional help and care for each. Workout? A little tired? Welcome to a little rest and at the same time to warm up with huge balls, hula-hoops, skipping ropes and aerobic pathways (it is interesting that, for example, jumping rope to help burn 200 calories in 15 minutes). Become hot? Want to drink? In the lobby you can always find a polite reception, who will advise fortified juices, herbal teas and refreshing drinks from herbs specifically for your body. Here's to you and use, and overall strengthening! By the way ... Many of the teas are imported from the East and prepared according to the rules of ancient recipes. And there, believe me, was an expert in medical facilities. No wonder that Eastern people are sick less, live longer and have always pyshut health and beauty?
Fitness and Mariupol modern
Mariupol has already been recognized today one of the first cities in Ukraine, where people pay great importance to their health. This is natural. Who wants to breathe dirty air, plants and get yourself lung cancer, tuberculosis, asthma, chronic diseases? Who wants to have daily stress, depression, nervous breakdowns? Who wants to have acne, cellulite, skin diseases, diseases of the internal organs? Women are, pardon the tautology, suffering from "female problems" a la thrush, breast cancer, men - "men" (inflammation, prostatitis).
So today there are many methods and tools that enhance our immunity, general rehabilitation, prevention, treatment. No need to poison his body and pill antibiotics kill all living things (scary, because it will affect even your grandchildren). No need to kill your stomach and liver in different diets, forcing himself to look at the delicious and nothing to eat. Fitness - this is what you need each of us.
Remember the famous physician in ancient times? Avicenna? He knew the secrets of rejuvenation and healing. And you want them to know?
People! Would you like to enjoy life and nothing to worry about? Healthy people - healthy thoughts. Healthy mind - healthy life. Healthy life - a happy life. How nice to be healthy and never sick! Imagine how many cases you then remade! How many smiles gave to your family and friends!
Fitness - one of the means to be healthy and happy. What is fitness?
Fitness - this complex of activities and exercises to enhance human health. Today fitness - not just prevention and treatment of many diseases, including heart. Fitness of a new day - not one of use of hundreds of scientists, doctors, philosophers, psychologists ... Fitness - it is harmony with the world and with itself. Fitness - is a joy every day, it is the desire to live and enjoy every sunrise, and not faint on the next working day! ..
The best part? In contrast to aerobic fitness are all individually. This takes into account and the structure and features of the figure. Engaged in fitness can all, without exception, regardless of age and health, including pregnant women.
Fitness in the history of Mariupol
Fitness in Mariupol there not so long ago. Only since the mid 90-ies. However, as a method of improving the body, strengthening muscles and emotional discharge fitness proved themselves to be very, very well. Avicenna was one of the first centers offering similar services.
Wellness center "Avicenna" has existed for over 15 years. During these years, has assisted many. Someone did not like figure, someone to skin, someone had health problems, someone wanted to keep the tone of the whole organism (which in this industrial city of Mariupol as very, very important).
In the wellness center so far come even from other, nearby cities and towns. Large gym, qualified coaches, trainers, professional help and care for each. Workout? A little tired? Welcome to a little rest and at the same time to warm up with huge balls, hula-hoops, skipping ropes and aerobic pathways (it is interesting that, for example, jumping rope to help burn 200 calories in 15 minutes). Become hot? Want to drink? In the lobby you can always find a polite reception, who will advise fortified juices, herbal teas and refreshing drinks from herbs specifically for your body. Here's to you and use, and overall strengthening! By the way ... Many of the teas are imported from the East and prepared according to the rules of ancient recipes. And there, believe me, was an expert in medical facilities. No wonder that Eastern people are sick less, live longer and have always pyshut health and beauty?
Fitness and Mariupol modern
Mariupol has already been recognized today one of the first cities in Ukraine, where people pay great importance to their health. This is natural. Who wants to breathe dirty air, plants and get yourself lung cancer, tuberculosis, asthma, chronic diseases? Who wants to have daily stress, depression, nervous breakdowns? Who wants to have acne, cellulite, skin diseases, diseases of the internal organs? Women are, pardon the tautology, suffering from "female problems" a la thrush, breast cancer, men - "men" (inflammation, prostatitis).
So today there are many methods and tools that enhance our immunity, general rehabilitation, prevention, treatment. No need to poison his body and pill antibiotics kill all living things (scary, because it will affect even your grandchildren). No need to kill your stomach and liver in different diets, forcing himself to look at the delicious and nothing to eat. Fitness - this is what you need each of us.
Remember the famous physician in ancient times? Avicenna? He knew the secrets of rejuvenation and healing. And you want them to know?
Saturday, November 6, 2010
Business Communication Tools
In an online textbook, "Fundamentals of Electronic Business" section added " VoIP, or IP-telephony "and" Instant messaging IMS "
Internet plays a huge role in business as a means of communication (E-mail, IP-telephony, or VoIP, instant messaging, IMS and so on). In recent years, the Internet was used as an interactive channel companies interact with business partners and customers, allowing them to communicate online.
The main tool of business - communication is VoIP, or IP-telephony, which is a special case of Internet telephony, instant messaging and IMS.
IP-telephony transmits voice signals from computer to computer, computer to telephone (analog phone, digital phone, IP-phone, mobile phone) and from phone to phone. In the market of IP-telephony there are many software applications and hardware to run Internet calls in different modes: a computer - a computer, the computer - the phone and the phone - the phone.
One of the advantages of IP-telephony - is financial savings companies to conduct international and long distance telephone calls through Voice over Internet, ie for economical packet-switched network, rather than expensive phone networks from circuit switching. Currently, IP-telephony offers the cheapest or free long distance and international calls.
But the financial savings to companies run by international and long distance telephone calls through Voice over Internet is not the main application of the technology VoIP. The main advantage of VoIP technology for businesses - is the creation of systems of corporate or office IP-telephony (VoIP PBX) with a small financial cost, but with a large number of service functions VoIP.
As for instant messaging services (IMS), a business the company is widely used by client programs called messengers (Instant messengers), which are designed for conducting interviews and instant messaging online. This is the most common method of communication in the office, which pressed the phone and email, as messengers provide users with various features: chat, VoIP services, file transfer, sending E-mail and SMS, etc. The most popular instant messengers used in offices - is Skype and various Jabber-clients.
As between Skype users in the "computer - the computer" calls are free, this circumstance allows to widely use this instant messenger for text, voice and video chat. Instant messaging Jabber, which is a decentralized, scalable and open system is used for communication in the local and corporate networks of companies.
Internet plays a huge role in business as a means of communication (E-mail, IP-telephony, or VoIP, instant messaging, IMS and so on). In recent years, the Internet was used as an interactive channel companies interact with business partners and customers, allowing them to communicate online.
The main tool of business - communication is VoIP, or IP-telephony, which is a special case of Internet telephony, instant messaging and IMS.
IP-telephony transmits voice signals from computer to computer, computer to telephone (analog phone, digital phone, IP-phone, mobile phone) and from phone to phone. In the market of IP-telephony there are many software applications and hardware to run Internet calls in different modes: a computer - a computer, the computer - the phone and the phone - the phone.
One of the advantages of IP-telephony - is financial savings companies to conduct international and long distance telephone calls through Voice over Internet, ie for economical packet-switched network, rather than expensive phone networks from circuit switching. Currently, IP-telephony offers the cheapest or free long distance and international calls.
But the financial savings to companies run by international and long distance telephone calls through Voice over Internet is not the main application of the technology VoIP. The main advantage of VoIP technology for businesses - is the creation of systems of corporate or office IP-telephony (VoIP PBX) with a small financial cost, but with a large number of service functions VoIP.
As for instant messaging services (IMS), a business the company is widely used by client programs called messengers (Instant messengers), which are designed for conducting interviews and instant messaging online. This is the most common method of communication in the office, which pressed the phone and email, as messengers provide users with various features: chat, VoIP services, file transfer, sending E-mail and SMS, etc. The most popular instant messengers used in offices - is Skype and various Jabber-clients.
As between Skype users in the "computer - the computer" calls are free, this circumstance allows to widely use this instant messenger for text, voice and video chat. Instant messaging Jabber, which is a decentralized, scalable and open system is used for communication in the local and corporate networks of companies.
Modern Forms of Communication
Currently, the full development of technology and communications systems - an indispensable condition for the growth of the economy. Earliest types (mail and telegraph) have been pushed with modern types of telecommunications. Transition to digital methods of communication was a real breakthrough in the field of communication. In everyday life includes mobile phones, pagers, Internet access, satellite space communications.
In terms of geography serves as a transport link, but moves much more transportable, intangible product - information. This defines a very high efficiency and profitability of modern communication. According to foreign specialists in the developed countries, due to savings in time and material resources at all stages of the production process, the link provides no less than 10% of national income. The size of profit industrial firms are often inferior to the companies of communication (especially in its modern forms).
In modern society, increasing people's need for information sharing. At the same time, people are increasingly on the move, so a special importance for it has a chance to make and receive phone calls from any place at any time. From this perspective, the most important factor is the mobility (mobility) connection.
Market for mobile radio communications is undergoing rapid worldwide growth. Until 1996, in Europe it has already covered about 15 million subscribers with an annual turnover of more than $ 8 billion global development strategy of mobile radio is the development and implementation of common international standards and the creation on their basis of international and global public networks.
Dominant position in the market of mobile radio systems occupy a cellular mobile radio (Cellular Radio Systems) and system paging (Paging Systems).
In terms of geography serves as a transport link, but moves much more transportable, intangible product - information. This defines a very high efficiency and profitability of modern communication. According to foreign specialists in the developed countries, due to savings in time and material resources at all stages of the production process, the link provides no less than 10% of national income. The size of profit industrial firms are often inferior to the companies of communication (especially in its modern forms).
In modern society, increasing people's need for information sharing. At the same time, people are increasingly on the move, so a special importance for it has a chance to make and receive phone calls from any place at any time. From this perspective, the most important factor is the mobility (mobility) connection.
Market for mobile radio communications is undergoing rapid worldwide growth. Until 1996, in Europe it has already covered about 15 million subscribers with an annual turnover of more than $ 8 billion global development strategy of mobile radio is the development and implementation of common international standards and the creation on their basis of international and global public networks.
Dominant position in the market of mobile radio systems occupy a cellular mobile radio (Cellular Radio Systems) and system paging (Paging Systems).
Technology of VoIP
Technology of VoIP refers to the sphere of organizing the way delivery of voice information from one point to another, from one subscriber to another, using as a transmission medium IP-based network. Transfer of traffic on networks with channel switching is a paid service (for the organization of a dedicated channel between users), where the amount of payment depends on the length of the link.
The organizing principle IP-based network (Internet) means that the delivery of information does not depend on the distance between the subscribers of the global network. Consequently, when you use VoIP only emerging costs - charges for Internet connection and volume of information transmitted.
Thus, IP-telephony gateway can provide users with the ability to create optimal and effective solutions to pressing problems in the construction of corporate networks.
The organizing principle IP-based network (Internet) means that the delivery of information does not depend on the distance between the subscribers of the global network. Consequently, when you use VoIP only emerging costs - charges for Internet connection and volume of information transmitted.
Thus, IP-telephony gateway can provide users with the ability to create optimal and effective solutions to pressing problems in the construction of corporate networks.
Friday, November 5, 2010
Mobile Wirless Internet
It is very convenient and profitable - to use modern technology to have a wireless Internet connection from your computer, laptop. Obtaining information and data transfer messages, view video files, manage their accounts through Internet trading - everything is possible if you have mobile Internet access "anywhere, anytime."
But how to understand the technologies on the market? What is 2,5 and 3G, EDGE and EV-DO? By what criteria to select cellular modem and configure a connection in a cottage in the suburbs? How to spend less time and nerves and get the best result for the connection via the mobile Internet? How to achieve maximum data transfer speed? You may be interested to know that your wireless internet connection in the Moscow region can work in 1,5-2 times faster when using an external, directional antenna!
The purpose of this site - tell us about the proposals, the existing equipment on the market. We want to help you choose the wireless, mobile Internet access on the criteria of convenience and quality-price.
Our services - is a professional turn-key "ready-made solutions for country houses, cottages and small offices in the Moscow region and the complex configuration of hardware on-site at the house. The result of our work - is to achieve maximum speed wireless internet access line.
But how to understand the technologies on the market? What is 2,5 and 3G, EDGE and EV-DO? By what criteria to select cellular modem and configure a connection in a cottage in the suburbs? How to spend less time and nerves and get the best result for the connection via the mobile Internet? How to achieve maximum data transfer speed? You may be interested to know that your wireless internet connection in the Moscow region can work in 1,5-2 times faster when using an external, directional antenna!
The purpose of this site - tell us about the proposals, the existing equipment on the market. We want to help you choose the wireless, mobile Internet access on the criteria of convenience and quality-price.
Our services - is a professional turn-key "ready-made solutions for country houses, cottages and small offices in the Moscow region and the complex configuration of hardware on-site at the house. The result of our work - is to achieve maximum speed wireless internet access line.
Wi-Fi Technology
Wi-Fi - is an advanced wireless data transmission by radio channel. The operating frequency of Wi-Fi 2,4 GHz. As the standards currently adopted by 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g at 54 Mbps, 11 Mbps and 54 Mbps respectively.
Wi-Fi have several advantages over conventional cable networks:
Wi-Fi can be deployed very quickly, which is very handy for presentations or working conditions outside of the office;
"Mobile users connecting to local wireless networks that can move easily within the existing areas of the network;
speed of the network is quite high (up to 54 Mbps), which can be used for a wide range of tasks;
with the optional wireless network equipment can be successfully connected to cable networks;
Wi-Fi may be the only option if cabling is impossible for a regular network.
Now for the organization of the local network is not required to drill the wall and messing around with podnadoevshimi wires. Range can solve a lot of problems with the cable in tight spaces (such as when computers are in different houses). The main advantage is precisely that the cost of laying decreases dramatically, by reducing the amount of work.
In addition to equipping the office wired network requires careful design of the topology, which in some cases takes a lot of time.
For networking based on Wi-Fi, you must install one or more base stations (depending on the size of the office), and installation of each computer on the network card adapter.
Wi-Fi have several advantages over conventional cable networks:
Wi-Fi can be deployed very quickly, which is very handy for presentations or working conditions outside of the office;
"Mobile users connecting to local wireless networks that can move easily within the existing areas of the network;
speed of the network is quite high (up to 54 Mbps), which can be used for a wide range of tasks;
with the optional wireless network equipment can be successfully connected to cable networks;
Wi-Fi may be the only option if cabling is impossible for a regular network.
Now for the organization of the local network is not required to drill the wall and messing around with podnadoevshimi wires. Range can solve a lot of problems with the cable in tight spaces (such as when computers are in different houses). The main advantage is precisely that the cost of laying decreases dramatically, by reducing the amount of work.
In addition to equipping the office wired network requires careful design of the topology, which in some cases takes a lot of time.
For networking based on Wi-Fi, you must install one or more base stations (depending on the size of the office), and installation of each computer on the network card adapter.
Technology of WiMax
According to specialists, and marketing at Intel, in the near future about a billion users worldwide will be connected to the Internet using WiMax technology standard IEEE 802.16. What is this technology?
The consortium WiMax Forum - the main non-profit organization dedicated to developing and certifying a new standard Wireless-broadband technology in the frequency range 10-66 GHz. WiMax Forum was founded in 2001 by leading telecom operators and major world-renowned producers of electronic and telecommunications equipment.
Currently, this organization has several hundred members, including such major companies as Intel, Fujitsu, AT & T, BT, Motorola, Samsung, Siemens Mobile, etc.
Technological basis for WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is indeed a new protocol is IEEE 802.16, which allows for both a broadband high-speed Internet access and data transmission, as well as telephony services without the use of cable lines. Unlike other radio access technologies, WiMax can operate in dense urban areas outside the direct view of the base station. It is very important for larger cities do not need to install special platforms, and is sufficient to establish a base station on the roofs of buildings or high rise buildings, that allows you to quickly deploy a network over long distances.
Another important benefit of this technology, unlike Wi-Fi, the coverage radius of not more than 100 meters - coverage WiMax, under certain conditions, can reach 50 km. Therefore, it can be useful to such people, for whom the Internet is unavailable, or even an ordinary phone, such as in remote areas where there simply is not possible to hold the cable network or DSL. And these users across Russia a lot, so WiMax in our country will develop quickly enough and will be a success not only corporate clients and various organizations, but also for private users, for one, of course, provided that payment for the equipment will be sufficiently low .
This technology will allow companies with multiple branches (eg, retailers) to build based on its proprietary WiMax wireless network - one set of equipment allows us to obtain up to 8 phone numbers, with access to local telephone networks, high speed internet. Thus, for example, three branch companies, with three separate local area networks based on Wi-Fi, can be linked together with the central office WiMax-network. Because the system is designed to solve such problems.
WiMax-network security is provided at a physical level with specially designed chip ASIC, which are embedded in a wireless device and manage the process of data transmission over the air:
1. They protect against attempts to breach confidentiality.
2. Prevent data corruption.
3. Prevent fraud (violation of the authenticity of the source - the consumer).
4. Preclude a denial of service.
The consortium WiMax Forum - the main non-profit organization dedicated to developing and certifying a new standard Wireless-broadband technology in the frequency range 10-66 GHz. WiMax Forum was founded in 2001 by leading telecom operators and major world-renowned producers of electronic and telecommunications equipment.
Currently, this organization has several hundred members, including such major companies as Intel, Fujitsu, AT & T, BT, Motorola, Samsung, Siemens Mobile, etc.
Technological basis for WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is indeed a new protocol is IEEE 802.16, which allows for both a broadband high-speed Internet access and data transmission, as well as telephony services without the use of cable lines. Unlike other radio access technologies, WiMax can operate in dense urban areas outside the direct view of the base station. It is very important for larger cities do not need to install special platforms, and is sufficient to establish a base station on the roofs of buildings or high rise buildings, that allows you to quickly deploy a network over long distances.
Another important benefit of this technology, unlike Wi-Fi, the coverage radius of not more than 100 meters - coverage WiMax, under certain conditions, can reach 50 km. Therefore, it can be useful to such people, for whom the Internet is unavailable, or even an ordinary phone, such as in remote areas where there simply is not possible to hold the cable network or DSL. And these users across Russia a lot, so WiMax in our country will develop quickly enough and will be a success not only corporate clients and various organizations, but also for private users, for one, of course, provided that payment for the equipment will be sufficiently low .
This technology will allow companies with multiple branches (eg, retailers) to build based on its proprietary WiMax wireless network - one set of equipment allows us to obtain up to 8 phone numbers, with access to local telephone networks, high speed internet. Thus, for example, three branch companies, with three separate local area networks based on Wi-Fi, can be linked together with the central office WiMax-network. Because the system is designed to solve such problems.
WiMax-network security is provided at a physical level with specially designed chip ASIC, which are embedded in a wireless device and manage the process of data transmission over the air:
1. They protect against attempts to breach confidentiality.
2. Prevent data corruption.
3. Prevent fraud (violation of the authenticity of the source - the consumer).
4. Preclude a denial of service.
Thursday, November 4, 2010
Mobile Virus
Reports of the first mobile virus appeared ax in 2000. Of course, the virus s call them it was quite difficult, rather it was a combination of service teams, which could send an SMS . These messages were sacrificed corresponding memory cell and hung up the phone when you remove. Especially prevalent, such teams have been for Siemens and Nokia.According to the present, the first mobile virus was discovered only 14 June 2004. The first mobile virus was om worm "Cabir", a feature spread on mobile networks and infect mobile phones running the operating system Symbian OS. "Cabir" is delivered to the phone as a file format SIS (distribution of the operating system Symbian ), masquerading as a utility to protect your phone Caribe Security Manager. When run the worm displays the inscription "Caribe", is introduced into the system and is activated every time the phone. After this "Cabir" to scan for available devices using the technology transfer of data Bluetooth , picks up the first of them, and sends him a copy. The program was created specifically for Symbian OS for mobile phones Nokia.
In late 2004, there were modifications of the first mobile virus as well. Like the first version of Cabir, the new version of the worm spread in a special file that is recognized by the system as a tool of safety management. Once the infected file is launched, the screen appears the word «Caribe», and the worm modifies the operating system to automatically run itself every time the phone. An infected phone searches for other vulnerable phones through Bluetooth -connection, and after a successful search sends them a file velasco.sis, containing the worm. Although this mobile virus and does not destroy data stored in the phone, it blocks the mandated Bluetooth -connection and consumes more battery life due to always enabled Bluetooth -connection. Both new versions of mobile virus is modified so as to quickly spread to new devices.
A little later, there were reports of a new mobile e virus that affects mobile phones under the operating system Symbian . Mobile virus, ostensibly, was in the illegal hacked versions of the game "Mosquitos 2.0" and only worked in the smartphone OS X based on Symbian Series 60. Once the phone owner downloads a pirated copy of the game and runs it on his phone hidden in her Trojan starts to send text messages (SMS). In addition to sending SMS other harm to this mobile virus is causing. Its existence can be found by looking at the list of sent messages or learn from for mobile services. Removal of a mobile virus and the difficulty is not - just delete the game that contains it. However, in reality it was easier. The fact that game developers Mosquitos built-in feature to automatically send SMS to a paid room . Thus, they wanted to prevent the user m to buy the cheaper version of the game in other countries. If the game was bought in another region, then to activate it on one of these rooms UTS ylalas SMS . However, after numerous complaints from users, this feature was removed from the game. In its illegal copies of which lie in the web, the function, of course, remained.
In November 2004, the owners of smartphones based on Symbian got another disturbing warning: there's a new mobile virus, a Trojan horse that kills all the system applications smartphone and replaces their icons to images of skulls.
Trojan horse «Skulls» («Skulls") disguised as a program manager in order for Nokia and was created in the format e Symbian Installation System. When you see "Skulls," in the phone are violated, all references to system applications Symbian , and themselves will become a sinister form of skulls. Mobile virus does not affect third-party applications, so if the device is mounted file manager from any other manufacturer, it helps to find and neutralize the malware. If you suddenly find in your phone's file Extended theme.SIS, do not run it, and immediately remove it. If you have already installed this file, you do not restart your phone. Later came the new version of mobile virus and Skulls for mobile phones. Kind of virus and impersonating a pirated copy of anti virus term program. The new version Skulls.L virtually identical Skulls.C, except in what guise this mobile virus presents itself to the outside world at this time. As in previous versions, Skulls.L attempts to disable system programs and replace them with icons icons with a skull. He writes in memory of two versions of the worm, Cabir, but their activation requires that the user clicked on his own new icons.
In January 2005, there have been reports about the mobile virus e Lasco.a. This worm for mobile phones running the Symbian OS infects executable files (eg, SIS-files) for this platform.
In March 2005, found another virus - CommWarrior. Mobile virus attacking cell phones , using MMS or Bluetooth , and came in the form of a letter containing - from pornography to update Symbian . Altogether this mobile virus and there are 20 different pieces communications. But by itself CommWarrior is not activated, the user must run it, tempted by the post. In addition to promoting its own mobile virus is still spending money user by sending MMS to all those who will find the address book of Noah. More serious damage he inflicts.
In April 2005, the Finnish company F-Secure discovered another mobile virus "kills" smart phones running Symbian OS. He spreads under the guise of the program «Kill Saddam By OID500.sis». Those who want to shoot Saddam can say goodbye to your data - in this program hides Trojan Fontal.A, establishing a system corrupted font file. Until the next reboot it does not manifest itself, but attempts thereof, reboot does not. "Doctor" from F-Secure has not yet found a cure for this affliction, and the only means of treatment is called a format irovanie smartphone , with the loss of all data user , of course.
But the mobile virus s there not only for mobile phones running Symbian . So, in 2004 reported the discovery "Duts" - the first mobile virus and for Win dows Mobile - one of the most popular platform among mobile devices (PDAs, smart phones ).
"Duts - conceptual malicious program that demonstrates the possibility of contamination of the platform Win dows Mobile. Duts has no active functions of distribution, infects a limited number of files and clearly manifested in the attempt of reproduction. " "Duts" is a classic virus ohm-parasite length 1520 bytes. It can be delivered to the mobile device on any channels with the outside world: e-mail, Internet, removable memory cards, and synchronization with your PC or on the technology Bluetooth . After you run an infected file displays a dialog box with the text: Dear User , am I allowed to Spread? (Dear User, you let me razmozhitsya?)
If the answer is "Duts" is introduced into suitable to the format and have size (more than 4 kilobytes) executable files in the root directory of the device (My device). In the process of cell infection virus writes itself to the end of the target file and modifies the entry point. To prevent reinfection get these files labeled "atar" in one of the unused fields. Any functions in destructive "Duts" not found.
Occasionally, and curiosities. At one time, spread the message that: "If you call and the display of your mobile phone is displayed ACE-? Do not respond to this call, just stop. If you answer the call, your phone will be infected with this virus ohms. Mobile virus mobile virus will erase all information om IMEI and IMSI from your phone and your SIM card, which will make your phone unable to connect to the telephone network . You'll have to buy a new phone. This information was confirmed by the company Motorola and Nokia. Already 3 million mobile phones infected with the USA. This information you can also check on the CNN website. Please report this information to all our friends. "In fact, it was a duck, which oddly enough took up many of the journalists.
Sometimes interesting name s mobile virus. So, aware of the virus e Gavno, infect smartphones running Symbian . This trojan completely blocks the function of the communicator, responsible for reception and transmission of voice calls in the network. He spreads under the guise of a patch patch.sis. After you run this program sends itself to all devices that are available through wireless Bluetooth , and then blocks "sick" unit. The company Sim Works detected the appearance of the trojan update that contains in its composition of two codes of other malware - Cabir and Camtimer. According to its characteristics Gavno.b almost like the original version, but applies under the guise of a patch with the name patch_v2.sis. This trojan can infect only communicators based on Series 60 Platform, which are running Symbian 7.0. Firm Sim Works has released a new version of anti virus software for Nogo Series 60 and UIQ.
Computer Virus
The first signs of the virus in your computer:
display unsolicited messages or images
unforeseen supply audio signals
sudden opening and closing the drive tray,
spontaneous running on your computer any software,
samoproizvodnye attempts on your computer to the Internet.
If your computer is something like that, it can be argued that your computer is infected with a virus.
In addition, there are some characteristics of the virus that infects computers via e-mail:
friends and acquaintances have reported a letter from you, though you did not send them anything,
the mailbox is a large number of messages with no return address and the title.
It should be noted that it is not always such a misbehaving computer is a sign of the virus. Sometimes this is due to other causes. For example, in the case of email, virus-infected messages can be sent with your return address, but not from your computer.
There is also indirect evidence of the virus in your computer: frequent freezes or crashes the computer,
slow computer loads programs
You can not boot the operating system,
Files and folders disappear or their contents are distorted,
frequent recourse to the hard drive (often flashing light on the system unit);
Internet browser freezes or behaves unexpectedly (for example, the program window can not close).
In 90% of cases of symptoms caused by malfunctions in hardware or software. However, these symptoms with a low probability may be signs of the virus in the computer and when they occur it is recommended to conduct a full system scan scanner antivirus software.
display unsolicited messages or images
unforeseen supply audio signals
sudden opening and closing the drive tray,
spontaneous running on your computer any software,
samoproizvodnye attempts on your computer to the Internet.
If your computer is something like that, it can be argued that your computer is infected with a virus.
In addition, there are some characteristics of the virus that infects computers via e-mail:
friends and acquaintances have reported a letter from you, though you did not send them anything,
the mailbox is a large number of messages with no return address and the title.
It should be noted that it is not always such a misbehaving computer is a sign of the virus. Sometimes this is due to other causes. For example, in the case of email, virus-infected messages can be sent with your return address, but not from your computer.
There is also indirect evidence of the virus in your computer: frequent freezes or crashes the computer,
slow computer loads programs
You can not boot the operating system,
Files and folders disappear or their contents are distorted,
frequent recourse to the hard drive (often flashing light on the system unit);
Internet browser freezes or behaves unexpectedly (for example, the program window can not close).
In 90% of cases of symptoms caused by malfunctions in hardware or software. However, these symptoms with a low probability may be signs of the virus in the computer and when they occur it is recommended to conduct a full system scan scanner antivirus software.
Information technology (IT)
Information Technology (IT, from the English. Information technology, IT) - a broad class
of disciplines and areas of activity related to technology management and data
processing, including the use of computer technology.
Currently, under the information technology, most often, to understand computer
technology. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software for storage,
conversion, protecting, processing, transmitting and receiving information. Specialists
in computer engineering and computer programming is often called IT specialists.
Stages of development of IT (information technology)
The most important and historical stages of IT development is the writing, the invention
of printing, using mail, telephone, telegraph, television. A special place in the
development of IT take computers, electronic mail and the widespread use of computer
networks (LAN and WAN), which provide not only substantial information processing and
transmission of text, multimedia (graphics, video and sound) and other materials on
almost any distance in real time.
IT (Information Technology) are the most important component of the use of information
resources of the society. To date, it passed through several evolutionary stages, a
change which was determined mainly by the development of scientific and technological
progress, the emergence of new technical means of information processing.
There are several points of view on the development of information technology using
computers, which are defined by different characteristics of division. Common to all
approaches outlined below is that with the advent of PCs (personal computers) began a new
phase of IT development. The main purpose of the satisfaction of personal information
needs of people, both for professional as well as for domestic sphere. Can be considered
the following classification of IT development on the grounds of:
By type of tasks and by type of information processing.
Stage 1 (60 - 70-ies.) - Data processing in data centers in the regime of collective use.
Stage 2 (from the 80's.) - The creation of IT to address strategic objectives.
Used for technical support
Stage 1 (until the late 60's.) - The problem of processing large amounts of data in the
limited capacity of the hardware.
2 and stage (before the late 70's.) Dissemination of computer series IBM/360
The third stage (from early 80-ies.) - A computer becomes a tool for the lay user, and IT
- a means to support its decision-making
4-yetap (since the early 90's.) - The creation of modern technology for
inter-organizational relationships and intellectual property.
On the benefits that brings computer technology:
Stage 1 (early 60's.) Ensure efficient processing of information when performing routine
operations with a focus on centralized collective use of resources, computing centers.
The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of IP was created by the difference
between the energy spent on the development and savings resulting from the introduction
of means. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor customer interaction,
which were created for IT and developers because of differences in their views and
understanding of the problems to be solved. As a consequence of this problem, to create
systems that users perceive badly, and despite their rather great opportunities, not
fully exploited.
Phase 2 (mid-70's.) Associated with the emergence of personal computers. A different
approach to the creation of integrated circuits - focus shifts to the individual user to
support its decisions. User is interested in the ongoing development, liaise with the
developer, there is a mutual understanding of both teams. At this stage, is used as a
centralized data processing, which is typical for the first phase and a decentralized,
based on solving local problems and work with local databases in the workplace user.
The third stage (from early 90-ies.) Related to the concept analysis of strategic
business benefits and is based on the achievements of telecommunication technologies of
distributed processing.
At the applicable IT tools
Stage 1 (until the second half of the XIX century.) - "Manual" IT tools which were: pen,
ink, and books. Communication is done manually by the dispatch of letters through the
mail, parcels, mails. The main purpose of technology - presentation of information in the
required form.
Stage 2 (end of XIX century.) - "Mechanical" technology, tools which were: typewriter,
telephone, voice recorder, equipped with more sophisticated means of delivering mail. The
main purpose of technology - presentation of information in the required form more
user-friendly means.
The third stage (40 - 60-ies. XX century.) - "Electric" technology, tools which were: the
big computer and software, electric typewriters, copy machines, portable recorders.
Change the purpose of technology. The emphasis in information technology begins to move
with the presentation of information on the formation of its content.
4-th stage (early 70's.) - "E" technology, the basic tools which are large computers and
create on their IP-based, equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software
packages. The center of gravity of technology is even more shifted to the formation of
the content of information for different application fields, especially the
organization's analytical work. Was acquired by the experience of forming the content of
the information and prepared a professional, psychological and social basis for the
transition to a new stage of technology development.
Stage 5 (mid-80's.) - The "computer" ("new") technology, the basic tool which is a PC
with a wide range of standard software products for various purposes. At this stage, the
personalization process IP, which is manifested in the creation of decision support
systems. Begin to be widely used in various areas of global and local computer networks.
On the methodology of using IT
Stage 1 (until the late 80's.) - A centralized processing of information on computer data
centers. Created large data centers for collective use, equipped with large computers.
The use of such a computer allows you to handle large amounts of input information and
receive on this basis, various types of information products, which is then transmitted
to the user.
Stage 2 (up to late 90's.) - A decentralized information processing associated with the
emergence of the PC and the development of telecommunication facilities.
Third stage - the rational processing of information. Advantages and disadvantages of
centralized and decentralized IT have led to the need for a rational combination of both
approaches.
Nowadays a lot of attention in the IT field on electronic simulation, which becomes an
integral part of the intellectual activity of mankind. Comparison of the "electronic
brain" with a human led to the idea of creating a neurocomputer as a computer, which can
be taught. Neurocomputer acts the same way as a man, ie, repeatedly to view information
makes many mistakes learns from them, fix them, and finally coping with the task.
Neurocomputers applied to pattern recognition, perception of human speech, handwriting,
etc.
of disciplines and areas of activity related to technology management and data
processing, including the use of computer technology.
Currently, under the information technology, most often, to understand computer
technology. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software for storage,
conversion, protecting, processing, transmitting and receiving information. Specialists
in computer engineering and computer programming is often called IT specialists.
Stages of development of IT (information technology)
The most important and historical stages of IT development is the writing, the invention
of printing, using mail, telephone, telegraph, television. A special place in the
development of IT take computers, electronic mail and the widespread use of computer
networks (LAN and WAN), which provide not only substantial information processing and
transmission of text, multimedia (graphics, video and sound) and other materials on
almost any distance in real time.
IT (Information Technology) are the most important component of the use of information
resources of the society. To date, it passed through several evolutionary stages, a
change which was determined mainly by the development of scientific and technological
progress, the emergence of new technical means of information processing.
There are several points of view on the development of information technology using
computers, which are defined by different characteristics of division. Common to all
approaches outlined below is that with the advent of PCs (personal computers) began a new
phase of IT development. The main purpose of the satisfaction of personal information
needs of people, both for professional as well as for domestic sphere. Can be considered
the following classification of IT development on the grounds of:
By type of tasks and by type of information processing.
Stage 1 (60 - 70-ies.) - Data processing in data centers in the regime of collective use.
Stage 2 (from the 80's.) - The creation of IT to address strategic objectives.
Used for technical support
Stage 1 (until the late 60's.) - The problem of processing large amounts of data in the
limited capacity of the hardware.
2 and stage (before the late 70's.) Dissemination of computer series IBM/360
The third stage (from early 80-ies.) - A computer becomes a tool for the lay user, and IT
- a means to support its decision-making
4-yetap (since the early 90's.) - The creation of modern technology for
inter-organizational relationships and intellectual property.
On the benefits that brings computer technology:
Stage 1 (early 60's.) Ensure efficient processing of information when performing routine
operations with a focus on centralized collective use of resources, computing centers.
The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of IP was created by the difference
between the energy spent on the development and savings resulting from the introduction
of means. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor customer interaction,
which were created for IT and developers because of differences in their views and
understanding of the problems to be solved. As a consequence of this problem, to create
systems that users perceive badly, and despite their rather great opportunities, not
fully exploited.
Phase 2 (mid-70's.) Associated with the emergence of personal computers. A different
approach to the creation of integrated circuits - focus shifts to the individual user to
support its decisions. User is interested in the ongoing development, liaise with the
developer, there is a mutual understanding of both teams. At this stage, is used as a
centralized data processing, which is typical for the first phase and a decentralized,
based on solving local problems and work with local databases in the workplace user.
The third stage (from early 90-ies.) Related to the concept analysis of strategic
business benefits and is based on the achievements of telecommunication technologies of
distributed processing.
At the applicable IT tools
Stage 1 (until the second half of the XIX century.) - "Manual" IT tools which were: pen,
ink, and books. Communication is done manually by the dispatch of letters through the
mail, parcels, mails. The main purpose of technology - presentation of information in the
required form.
Stage 2 (end of XIX century.) - "Mechanical" technology, tools which were: typewriter,
telephone, voice recorder, equipped with more sophisticated means of delivering mail. The
main purpose of technology - presentation of information in the required form more
user-friendly means.
The third stage (40 - 60-ies. XX century.) - "Electric" technology, tools which were: the
big computer and software, electric typewriters, copy machines, portable recorders.
Change the purpose of technology. The emphasis in information technology begins to move
with the presentation of information on the formation of its content.
4-th stage (early 70's.) - "E" technology, the basic tools which are large computers and
create on their IP-based, equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software
packages. The center of gravity of technology is even more shifted to the formation of
the content of information for different application fields, especially the
organization's analytical work. Was acquired by the experience of forming the content of
the information and prepared a professional, psychological and social basis for the
transition to a new stage of technology development.
Stage 5 (mid-80's.) - The "computer" ("new") technology, the basic tool which is a PC
with a wide range of standard software products for various purposes. At this stage, the
personalization process IP, which is manifested in the creation of decision support
systems. Begin to be widely used in various areas of global and local computer networks.
On the methodology of using IT
Stage 1 (until the late 80's.) - A centralized processing of information on computer data
centers. Created large data centers for collective use, equipped with large computers.
The use of such a computer allows you to handle large amounts of input information and
receive on this basis, various types of information products, which is then transmitted
to the user.
Stage 2 (up to late 90's.) - A decentralized information processing associated with the
emergence of the PC and the development of telecommunication facilities.
Third stage - the rational processing of information. Advantages and disadvantages of
centralized and decentralized IT have led to the need for a rational combination of both
approaches.
Nowadays a lot of attention in the IT field on electronic simulation, which becomes an
integral part of the intellectual activity of mankind. Comparison of the "electronic
brain" with a human led to the idea of creating a neurocomputer as a computer, which can
be taught. Neurocomputer acts the same way as a man, ie, repeatedly to view information
makes many mistakes learns from them, fix them, and finally coping with the task.
Neurocomputers applied to pattern recognition, perception of human speech, handwriting,
etc.
Benefits of the Internet
Internet access for businesses today - a new possibility of their activities.
The company is available new, very promising and a global distribution channel and information sharing that provides the most extensive geographical coverage with the ability to promote products and businesses worldwide. On one or several web-sites of the company can post information about their products and services, history, philosophy, business, jobs - absolutely about anything that might be of interest to buyers. Unlike traditional advertisements and leaflets advertising on the Internet allows you to cover almost the entire population of the planet.
Companies can collect more complete and accurate information on existing markets, potential customers and competitors. Using the Internet, you can conduct marketing research: a global network used for focusing groups, mailing of questionnaires and other methods of collecting primary data.
Using the Internet as a closed network (Intranet), companies can develop and accelerate internal communications between its employees, which can pose questions to each other, seek advice, download and receive the necessary information from the company's servers.
The company has an opportunity to perform bilateral communication with existing and potential customers, as well as more efficient transaction. With the help of the Internet user to easily send us that he is interested, e-mail and get an answer. Now more companies are creating an extranet (external network) with its suppliers and distributors. Such networks are used for more effective exchange of information, placing orders, the implementation of payment.
Companies can kostumizirovat deals and services based on visitor statistics web - sites.
Companies can send out to customers through Internet advertising, coupons, information. Recipients are those who have expressed interest in or agreed to the newsletter.
You can improve procurement processes, recruitment and training of personnel, internal and external communications.
Using the Internet, you can compare prices and buy materials during the tender offer or its terms. All positive effect on significant savings in financial resources and time. Also, using the Internet you can find new employees. Many organizations are developing for the employees, dealers and agents of special programs that are downloaded from the Internet.
There is an opportunity to significantly improve production and logistics and therefore cost savings as a whole, improving the quality of service.
Internet allows you to quickly send and receive information, execute orders, transactions and payments between the organizations, business partners and customers.
The company is available new, very promising and a global distribution channel and information sharing that provides the most extensive geographical coverage with the ability to promote products and businesses worldwide. On one or several web-sites of the company can post information about their products and services, history, philosophy, business, jobs - absolutely about anything that might be of interest to buyers. Unlike traditional advertisements and leaflets advertising on the Internet allows you to cover almost the entire population of the planet.
Companies can collect more complete and accurate information on existing markets, potential customers and competitors. Using the Internet, you can conduct marketing research: a global network used for focusing groups, mailing of questionnaires and other methods of collecting primary data.
Using the Internet as a closed network (Intranet), companies can develop and accelerate internal communications between its employees, which can pose questions to each other, seek advice, download and receive the necessary information from the company's servers.
The company has an opportunity to perform bilateral communication with existing and potential customers, as well as more efficient transaction. With the help of the Internet user to easily send us that he is interested, e-mail and get an answer. Now more companies are creating an extranet (external network) with its suppliers and distributors. Such networks are used for more effective exchange of information, placing orders, the implementation of payment.
Companies can kostumizirovat deals and services based on visitor statistics web - sites.
Companies can send out to customers through Internet advertising, coupons, information. Recipients are those who have expressed interest in or agreed to the newsletter.
You can improve procurement processes, recruitment and training of personnel, internal and external communications.
Using the Internet, you can compare prices and buy materials during the tender offer or its terms. All positive effect on significant savings in financial resources and time. Also, using the Internet you can find new employees. Many organizations are developing for the employees, dealers and agents of special programs that are downloaded from the Internet.
There is an opportunity to significantly improve production and logistics and therefore cost savings as a whole, improving the quality of service.
Internet allows you to quickly send and receive information, execute orders, transactions and payments between the organizations, business partners and customers.
The Moon
Luna - the only natural satellite. The distance from Earth to the Moon equal 384.4 thousand km. The diameter of the Moon is 3474 km, a little more than a quarter of Earth's diameter. Accordingly, the size of the moon in terms of only 2% of the Earth. Because of the smaller mass force of gravity on the moon is 6 times less than on Earth. Period of the Moon around the Earth is 27.3 days. Due to the fact that the moon has a sufficiently large mass and is relatively close to Earth, we observe the gravitational interaction between them, in the form of tides. Tides are more noticeable on the coasts of the oceans, where they reach values of several meters, as they exist in closed basins, and even in the crust. As a result of the tides is a loss of energy in the Earth-Moon system due to friction arising between the oceans and the bottom, and between the crust and mantle. This energy loss leads to the fact that the interaction force between the Earth and the Moon is constantly decreasing, this explains that the distance between the Earth and Moon growing by about 4 cm every year.
Moon is the only celestial body on which landed people. The first artificial object to break the Earth's gravity and flying near the Moon was the Soviet Luna 1. The first satellite, the age of the lunar surface was Luna 2. The first satellite, took pictures of the back side of the moon was Luna 3. All three of these lunar program was successfully completed in 1959. The first successful soft landing on the Moon was the Soviet Luna 9. The American moon program "Apollo" began in the early 60s of last century with the announcement of President Kennedy that the U.S. will launch a man on the moon before the end of the 60s. As a result of this program, the U.S. managed to make six successful missions to the moon in the interval between 1969 and 1972. After completion of the Apollo program of research of our natural satellite actually stopped for a period of more than 30 years. Only at the beginning of this century, several countries, including Russia, the United States and China announced the beginning of their lunar program, results of which should be the return of man to the moon.
Moon is the only celestial body on which landed people. The first artificial object to break the Earth's gravity and flying near the Moon was the Soviet Luna 1. The first satellite, the age of the lunar surface was Luna 2. The first satellite, took pictures of the back side of the moon was Luna 3. All three of these lunar program was successfully completed in 1959. The first successful soft landing on the Moon was the Soviet Luna 9. The American moon program "Apollo" began in the early 60s of last century with the announcement of President Kennedy that the U.S. will launch a man on the moon before the end of the 60s. As a result of this program, the U.S. managed to make six successful missions to the moon in the interval between 1969 and 1972. After completion of the Apollo program of research of our natural satellite actually stopped for a period of more than 30 years. Only at the beginning of this century, several countries, including Russia, the United States and China announced the beginning of their lunar program, results of which should be the return of man to the moon.
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
Mobile Technology
A little more than two decades since the first mobile phones, but mobile telephony has undergone substantial changes. Systems of first-generation, based on the analog principle, be used exclusively for telephone communication and only later acquired some basic services.
Systems of second-generation, including the standard GSM, provide better transmission quality and the protection of the signal, additional services, low-speed data transmission, and for systems of GSM - the so-called automatic service. roaming subscriber for the convenience of travel to different countries and continents.
Soon after the second-generation mobile systems, has begun preparations for the design of mobile communication standards next generation. Development took place at the regional level (ETSI, project RAINBOW by ACTS, US Joint Technical Committee, the Japanese ARIB) and the global - ITU (International Telecommunications Union), a consequence of which was the creation in 1985 the initiative group, which in 1996 was renamed the IMT - 2000. Different projects offer different ways of transition to third generation systems. Each project was largely seen two options: a gradual transition from the existing systems and "abrupt" jump.
Third-generation technology (3G) provides high quality voice, image (the rate is expected to reach 2 Mbps instead of 9.6 kbps are available today), multimedia content, and access to the Internet, as well as exchange data between mobile phones and computers. At the same time, the 3G technology to improve the quality of service networks, the second generation, adding them to a host of new services.
Prediction, based on an analysis of companies, shows that by the year 2005 60% of the European population will use cellular phones, and their third will use a new generation of multimedia systems. According to experts on UMTS, the rapid development of communication in this direction will require additional resources for 2005 - 2010 years. Some also expressed the assumption that the development of new bands: 2.5 GHz or 10GHz, as a prerequisite for any further progress of technology.
In this section you will learn about updates to mobile communications and the development of mobile technology.
Demand for IT professionals has exceeded pre-crisis level
Experts recruitment company Antal Russia, specializes in recruiting middle and senior managers in various industries, noted that with the February 2010 began active growth in the number of IT vacancies, and in August the number of proposals of employers has dramatically increased and even surpassed pre-crisis level . Has undergone some changes and the structure of demand for professionals: not the most popular in the crisis staff were in short supply.
Antal Russia experts believe that these changes in the labor market due to the fact that on the eve of the new business season, the company with less apprehension began to invest in IT and started to actively recruit. If the crisis they are looking for employees who can take on different responsibilities, but now realize that it makes sense to look for highly specialized professionals, experts in their field. Companies are ready to propose candidates for most positions the level of wages, which held until the autumn of 2008 candidates, in turn, feel the changes and return to their previous salary expectations.
"Over the past two years was a large number of mergers, - said the consultant of the Department of IT Recruitment Antal Russia Yulia Solyaeva. - The combined companies are thinking and to consolidate IT infrastructures. It is not surprising that the demand for CIOs (CIO), is capable of forming a competent IT strategy and effectively manage the integration, increased markedly. Another important reason for the increase in demand for CIO is to enter the Russian market for western companies who are hesitant to do so in volatile times. In addition, in connection with the resumption of the frozen projects and start new again required the consultants and project managers to implement SAP. Salary offers for these items recovered: for example, experienced vnedrenets SAP can receive per month from 180 to 200 thousand rubles. Steadily high demand for Java developers and business analysts - those professionals are still in short supply. "
In Antal Russia noted that the revival of recruitment activity of IT vendors and system integrators began in May of this year. Despite the fact that some companies still have not paid bonuses for last year, the overall situation is stable. In connection with entering the Russian market for new players has increased the demand for experienced managers: owners are looking for general and commercial managers, can ensure a successful start the business. Remains consistently high demand for sales managers. Antal Russia experts predict that after the current rapid growth of the market will stabilize and become more structured.
Business develope to use IT
In recent years the Russian economy began to show
some positive trends: there has been a steady increase
production in most sectors of the economy, the production of a number of
Russian enterprises become more competitive. In
tough competition win, as a rule, those Russian companies that have more effective management system, a complete set of marketing strategies to effectively use in their activities interactive information technology. Moreover, they determine the location of the enterprise market, the degree of success of doing business, the ability to integrate into the global market.
In recent years, many Russian companies have become quite
compete successfully with foreign firms to make large
investments. However, in the first place is
upgrade technological and technical components
production apparatus. The scale of investment in information technology is still very limited, although the dynamics of development allows us to speak about positive trends in this area.
But without the development of information technologies will not be able not only to enterprise development and use of modern marketing techniques, but also to overcome the crisis in manufacturing industries and the Russian economy as a whole. Backlog of domestic enterprises from advanced Western countries to use modern information technologies will increase, but the basic strategy of business structures will be a survival strategy.
That is why the nature of the restructuring of production and
management structure of the Russian enterprises should be changed.
Emphasis should be placed on the development of information technologies that will provide the foundation of development and conditions for the integration of domestic enterprises in the global economy as equal partners.
In this regard, exploring the role of information technology in
determining the market development strategies of national
business structures in transition economies, should allow to select the optimal path that can provide dynamic business development in interaction with the post-industrial countries.
Many scientists and experts, among them Eyes with, Groshev B., Illarionov A., chief of police V. Kiperman G. Kolodko G., Konotop M. Koryagina T. Kosmarskaya T., Kudinov, LA, Kuznetsov, Y., Kulikov, Yuri Latov, Lvov D., May V., Milner, B., Mogilev V. Nesterenko, Ol'sevich Yu, Petrakov, Radaev V., Rusinov SF, Simonov VI, Tikhomirov H . Filatov, V., Shatalin C Sheremet VA, Shestakov, and others have investigated the problems of entrepreneurship in a transition economy of Russia.
These studies have ranged from general problems of transformation of the system
management and the processes of modernization, the choice of
innovative strategies and problems of integration of domestic
enterprises in the modern market economy. The use of
information technology, computerization of administrative
activities, computer processing of economic information in detail in the works of Russian authors: Velika D., Golosov, O., Kibizovoy I. Morgulchik A. Morgulina A., Podolsky, B., Romanov, A., Stretyachuka MI, Tarasenko NV, Hodimchuk M. and others was thus made significant scientific contributions to the theoretical support for solving a number of problems in transition economies and information business, as well as the use of
information technology in the marketing activities of enterprises. However, many findings and recommendations made are not implemented in practice and is largely influenced by a clear underestimation of the role and importance of information technology development in the Russian economy.
Many aspects of entrepreneurship in post-industrial period,
associated with the development of market-based business models, choice
effective management tools, the impact of information technology on the socio-economic processes in society, were investigated by foreign authors: Ansoff I., Ackoff, R., Bell, D., Wira C, Boyer R., Galbraith, J., P. Drucker, Keynes J. Klaus, B., R. Coase, J. Kornai, Kulemana P., Marshall, A., Massoud I. Mises B., N. Mankiw, G. Myrdal, North D., Porter, M., Sachs, J. , G. Stigler, Friedman MA. M. Hammer, J. Chamlee, Cheklanda P. Chavance B. Schumpeter II, Arrow, K., K. Eskridge and many others. However, following western advice without a critical analysis of the proposed mechanisms - one of the causes of the current state of affairs. In this theoretical knowledge gained by foreign science, reveals the main trends in the economy.
However, the impact of reforming the Russian economy shows that the realization of these trends in our economy dominated by improvisation, although today it is obvious to all that the modern economy should be based on solid scientific foundations.
Thus, the scientific material accumulated and abroad, and
domestic science, helps to ensure a scientific elaboration of the problem.
Aims and objectives of the study. The purpose of this study is
rationale, development and use of information technologies in various business areas and at different levels of management of business entities.
In accordance with this purpose, delivered and implemented the following tasks:
- Identification of the economic nature and role of information systems
increase economic efficiency;
disclosure of the features of organization and operation of the business environment with the use of information technology;
study opportunities to use information technologies in various business areas;
- Study of the concept of marketing in the Internet environment and to identify
practical uses of Internet technologies in
marketing activities of enterprises;
exploring the use of foreign experience to create marketing-based interactive information technologies;
- Analysis of the use of information technology at the organizational level
(Enterprises);
revealing the features of information technology at the ministry level (agencies, service);
identifying opportunities for effective use of information technology in business.
Object of study is the use of information
technologies in various fields and at different levels of management
business structures and their influence on the increase
business efficiency.
The subject of the study are socio-economic
relations arising in the process of enterprise development through information technology.
Theoretical and methodological research base is
dialectical approach to the study of various phenomena and laws
development of socio-economic relations in the context of a market economy. We used a set of techniques and methods of scientific knowledge of the socio-economic phenomena and processes. Among them, the concrete historical, system software and I trust the approaches, methods, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of control theory. Widely used in works of the classics of economic theory and contemporary Russian and foreign researchers on the issues discussed in the thesis.
Information base for research was made special studies, official statistics of Goskomstat of Russia and foreign statistics, literature and materials published in the media.
The scientific novelty of this research is to develop scientific and methodological guidelines and practical advice on evaluating the role of information systems to increase economic efficiency through the use of modern information technology.
Scientific novelty of the thesis contained in the following results:
refined economic essence of modern
information technology business in a market economy;
- Define the general conditions that ensure the efficient use of
information systems in the Russian context;
The models use information technologies in various business areas;
proved the possibility of using foreign experience for the formation of marketing at Russian enterprises on the basis of interactive information technologies;
- Peculiarities of using information technologies to
various levels of management: enterprise (organization), the Ministry of
(Service Agency);
- Proved the possibility of increasing the efficiency of marketing
technologies based on Internet resources.
Computer Information Technology
The company "Computer Information Technology," or simply "KIT" offers its clients a full range of services for delivery and maintenance of computer equipment, software, representation of the global Internet. We are able to solve all the problems somehow related to computers!
We perform:
Creating Web Sites
Currently, an Internet site - it is not a whim of the company's management, but a vital necessity for the company. Currently, the phrase "Who today is not the site - tomorrow will be business becomes ever more urgent.
The main directions of work:
- Creation of sites, business cards - this kind of sites has a low cost of creation, the main purpose of creating this site - is to give visitors an overview of your company's activities, contact information.
- Creation of online stores or online catalogs . More expensive, but more functional site. The main purpose of this dating site visitors with products offered by your company.
- Creation of Internet Missions - The largest and functional Web site, allows fully represent your company in the Internet, to introduce products and services your company to establish a dialogue with customers to provide various services on the site.
More details: Website in Khabarovsk ...
Organization and conducting advertising campaigns
Our specialists will organize and conduct an advertising campaign on the Internet, organize promotion and promoting your web site in search engines.
Types of advertising campaigns:
- Contextual advertising on the Internet - type of contextual advertising, where ads appear on search results page, use the search engine and the ads most relevant area of interest the user, expressed in terms of search query.
- Banner advertisement on the Internet - One of the dominant formats of Internet advertising. Predstvlyaet a graphic similar to the advertising module in the press, but could include animated (rare video) elements, and is a hyperlink to the advertiser's site or a page with more information.
- Promotion of sites on the Internet - This is a package of measures to ensure the attendance of the site visitors. Target visitors - it is the visitors who are interested in your product or service provided to promote the site. One of the most important steps to promote your site is search engine optimization, which is a set of measures to improve positions in search engines, and thus allows to increase its attendance target.
more: The Organization of advertising campaigns ...
IT Outsourcing
We offer you a contract for subscription services and computer network in your organization. Our company's specialists are able to solve any problems for computer repair, network setup and server setup and configuration software.
Computer equipment and networks:
- Subscription service of computers - our specialist travels to the customer when a malfunction of computer equipment or local area network and quickly resolves the problem.
And as we are able to:
- Repair and recovery of computer equipment - eliminates the failure of computer hardware, data recovery, upgrade (upgrading) of computer equipment, supply of new equipment.
- Maintenance of network equipment and servers - adjusts the network equipment and workgroup servers, domains, network equipment delivery.
- Installation - software setup - carries out the selection, delivery and setup of specialized software.
- Design and installation of computer networks - will design, choose the configuration of hardware and software, as well as carry out erection and commissioning.
We perform:
Creating Web Sites
Currently, an Internet site - it is not a whim of the company's management, but a vital necessity for the company. Currently, the phrase "Who today is not the site - tomorrow will be business becomes ever more urgent.
The main directions of work:
- Creation of sites, business cards - this kind of sites has a low cost of creation, the main purpose of creating this site - is to give visitors an overview of your company's activities, contact information.
- Creation of online stores or online catalogs . More expensive, but more functional site. The main purpose of this dating site visitors with products offered by your company.
- Creation of Internet Missions - The largest and functional Web site, allows fully represent your company in the Internet, to introduce products and services your company to establish a dialogue with customers to provide various services on the site.
More details: Website in Khabarovsk ...
Organization and conducting advertising campaigns
Our specialists will organize and conduct an advertising campaign on the Internet, organize promotion and promoting your web site in search engines.
Types of advertising campaigns:
- Contextual advertising on the Internet - type of contextual advertising, where ads appear on search results page, use the search engine and the ads most relevant area of interest the user, expressed in terms of search query.
- Banner advertisement on the Internet - One of the dominant formats of Internet advertising. Predstvlyaet a graphic similar to the advertising module in the press, but could include animated (rare video) elements, and is a hyperlink to the advertiser's site or a page with more information.
- Promotion of sites on the Internet - This is a package of measures to ensure the attendance of the site visitors. Target visitors - it is the visitors who are interested in your product or service provided to promote the site. One of the most important steps to promote your site is search engine optimization, which is a set of measures to improve positions in search engines, and thus allows to increase its attendance target.
more: The Organization of advertising campaigns ...
IT Outsourcing
We offer you a contract for subscription services and computer network in your organization. Our company's specialists are able to solve any problems for computer repair, network setup and server setup and configuration software.
Computer equipment and networks:
- Subscription service of computers - our specialist travels to the customer when a malfunction of computer equipment or local area network and quickly resolves the problem.
And as we are able to:
- Repair and recovery of computer equipment - eliminates the failure of computer hardware, data recovery, upgrade (upgrading) of computer equipment, supply of new equipment.
- Maintenance of network equipment and servers - adjusts the network equipment and workgroup servers, domains, network equipment delivery.
- Installation - software setup - carries out the selection, delivery and setup of specialized software.
- Design and installation of computer networks - will design, choose the configuration of hardware and software, as well as carry out erection and commissioning.
Network and telecommunications systems
Timely and secure exchange of information determines the need for building an effective network infrastructure, which must satisfy the increasing demands of the organization. With the rapid growth in the number of users of information systems and the principal amount of computation as corporate data networks are becoming the performance, scalability, security and manageability of the network.
Company Systematica offers networking and telecommunication solutions of any complexity, including:
local area networks,
geographically distributed multi-service networks,
structured cabling systems,
videoconferencing system,
optical transport network
Wireless Network
Systems Business Telephone communication
distributed corporate phone networks,
corporate radio,
radio access system to the Internet,
security systems in the network,
monitoring and control networks.
Decision to build a network and telecommunications infrastructure companies provide:
optimizing maintenance costs of network and telecommunications infrastructure,
remote access to corporate resources,
transmission of heterogeneous digital streams,
high-speed Internet access,
comprehensive protection against unauthorized access,
quality of service.
Experts "Systematics" perform the full range of services and implementation services of network and telecommunications systems:
Audit / pre-project survey of enterprise network infrastructure,
system design,
supply network, telecom and cable equipment,
installation and commissioning,
testing system and its individual components,
putting the system into operation,
technical support,
maintenance and upgrades
training and consulting.
Experience and high qualification of specialists in the field of network technology, allows our company to successfully meet the challenges of the construction and operation of network and telecommunication systems of any complexity. Partnerships with leading manufacturers of networking and telecommunications equipment allows you to create solutions for current problems and future business development.
Company Systematica offers networking and telecommunication solutions of any complexity, including:
local area networks,
geographically distributed multi-service networks,
structured cabling systems,
videoconferencing system,
optical transport network
Wireless Network
Systems Business Telephone communication
distributed corporate phone networks,
corporate radio,
radio access system to the Internet,
security systems in the network,
monitoring and control networks.
Decision to build a network and telecommunications infrastructure companies provide:
optimizing maintenance costs of network and telecommunications infrastructure,
remote access to corporate resources,
transmission of heterogeneous digital streams,
high-speed Internet access,
comprehensive protection against unauthorized access,
quality of service.
Experts "Systematics" perform the full range of services and implementation services of network and telecommunications systems:
Audit / pre-project survey of enterprise network infrastructure,
system design,
supply network, telecom and cable equipment,
installation and commissioning,
testing system and its individual components,
putting the system into operation,
technical support,
maintenance and upgrades
training and consulting.
Experience and high qualification of specialists in the field of network technology, allows our company to successfully meet the challenges of the construction and operation of network and telecommunication systems of any complexity. Partnerships with leading manufacturers of networking and telecommunications equipment allows you to create solutions for current problems and future business development.
Wirless System
SkyMAN - versatile multi-functional system of wireless broadband access for operators, municipal services, corporate customers and agencies to ensure public safety. System equipment SkyMAN has a range of 2300-2700, 3400-3700 and 4850-6425 MHz and provides:
unification into a single virtual network geographically separated units (supports VPN);
fixed access to the Internet;
priority transmission VoIP;
transmission of video and telemetry;
rapid deployment of temporary networks topology MESH.
System equipment SkyMAN made on the basis of the hardware platform development and production of InfiNet Wireless, is running an operating system WANFlex and implements the architecture of wireless networks MINT development InfiNet.
The system uses two SkyMAN modification of the hardware platform: the base, which has raised productivity and intended mainly for the construction of base stations, and cheaper and less productive - the subscription. On both hardware platforms equipment is available in two versions: with N-type connectors (for connecting external antennas), or with integrated antenna.
All equipment SkyMAN is universal, ie, any device can act as any element of a wireless network - the base station or subscriber wireless point-to-multipoint, terminal or relay station channel junction point or a network of arbitrary topology MESH.
Structurally, all the equipment SkyMAN made in the form of two units: the external (ODU) and internal (IDU), as a rule, which serves as the power supply from AC or DC. External and internal components are interconnected with a twisted pair that carries the Ethernet traffic and constant voltage power ODU.
MINT & RMA
The system BWA SkyMAN implemented two types of architecture:
RMA (Remote Multiple Access),
MINT (MESH Interconnect Network Topology).
All devices SkyMAN support both types of architecture, using appropriate software portal.
Architecture RMA is the traditional architecture SkyMAN, supported topologies:
point to point with the ability to relay
point-to-multipoint to support the relay terminal stations.
RMA architecture built at the network level and is implemented through integrated in each device routers. Most existing networks based on equipment SkyMAN (Revolution), use the architecture of RMA. Currently, active development of RMA terminated due to exhaustion of its development. InfiNet Company provides support RMA, eliminating the problems identified and the minimum required building functionality.
Network architecture MINT (Mesh Interconnection Network Topology)
MINT architecture supports arbitrary network topologies MESH, including as special cases, the topologies supported by the RMA. MINT architecture is based on the level of convergence between the network and link layer network and does not require for the operation of routers. Nevertheless, the functionality built-in router is stored in each device.
Architecture MINT is currently the most promising and provides great potential for development of functionality. InfiNet Company recommends the use of architecture MINT to create new networks and phased transfer of existing networks in this architecture.
Features MINT.
Operates on the data transfer channels and networks of any physical implementation.
Builds on the features of wireless channels and networks.
Implemented at the level of convergence between the network and MAC-level.
Any device can simultaneously function as a Router, Bridge or VLAN Switch.
Supports all types of network topologies: point to point, point-to-multipoint relay, arbitrary topology MESH.
Any device can be any element of any topology, and, depending on conditions, to serve as a base, a hub, repeater, termination and subscriber stations.
Adaptation to topology, bandwidth and transmission speed, self-organizing network.
Network elements SkyMAN
BWA network SkyMAN are based on the universal wireless bridge / router. Each unit can serve as any network component, however, due to various performance and functionality is recommended to implement a specific network element corresponding to the device.
SkyMAN device used to construct the following network elements:
base station (BS) - a set of one to six devices SkyMAN with omni-directional or sector antennas connected to the backbone network and to ensure exchange of traffic with subscriber and relay stations within the service area;
relay station (RS) - a two-module unit SkyMAN (with two air interfaces), which provides retransmission of the signal on the wired interface to a PC can be connected to LAN or a separate network device;
subscriber station (AU) - a device SkyMAN with integrated or external antenna provides transmission of data between network users and the BS (or MS);
Terminal Station (OS) - terminal channel point to point, for OS deployment can be used as a device SkyMAN with integrated and external antennas.
Topology networks SkyMAN
Point-to-point
Channels point to point on the equipment SkyMAN provide work within line of sight at distances determined by energy potential of radio links, with a transfer rate depending on your hardware and bandwidth. OS is recommended to use equipment with integrated antennas. In cases where this equipment does not provide the required range / speed, you must use the device with external antennas.
SkyMAN equipment in a typical embodiment of a complete set indoor units (IDU) provides transfer traffic Ethernet. When using the IDU type of IDU-RJ-2E1 or IDU-RJ-4E1 transmits two or four E1, respectively, with parallel transfer traffic Ethernet.
To create a multi-span channels are used by MS. For channels with a transfer rate of up to 36 Mbps is recommended to use as a PC a two-module unit with external antennas, in all other cases - the same device that the OS, interconnected via Ethernet at the level of indoor units (ODU).
BWA network topology point-to-multipoint
BWA network SkyMAN may include one or more base stations (BS), the combined wireless SkyMAN highways or other communication channels. Each RBC contains from one to six sectors.
Network topology BWA SkyMAN point-to-multipoint
The network may include relay stations (RS), which increases the range and allow to bypass the major obstacles blocking the BS from the individual speakers.
Speakers are connected by radio to a BS or MS. AC located in the zone of radio visibility of more than one BS may be registered in each of them, supporting an adaptive selection of the BS with the best quality of service. This property allows the system to provide hot backup channel AC-REF, enhancing the reliability of the network as a whole.
Base station
BC built in a modular and can include from one to six modules, depending on bandwidth requirements, transmission distance, use of the frequency range and availability of frequencies. Each module (or radio interfaces in a two-module model) provides a spatial service sector within the pattern of the antenna. BS equipment imposes no restrictions on the width of the sector.
The composition of RBCs include:
wireless bridges / routers - from 1 to 6, one for each sector. For low-BS can use a two-module wireless bridges / routers - one for the two sectors. Odnosektornye BS delivers transfer speeds up to 54 Mbps. Multi-sector BS accommodates speeds up to 48 Mbps per sector. BS sector, built on the equipment SkyMAN, using technology MIMO 2x2, delivers transfer speeds up to 300 Mbps in 40 MHz bandwidth and up to 150 Mbps in 20 MHz band;
antenna-feeder devices - the number of sectors of the base station;
Switch Ethernet (optional);
Rack Mount IDU equipment (optional);
uninterruptible power supplies (optional).
Template for 6-sector BS
Relay station
PC is designed to increase range of BS, bypassing the major obstacles and to create long main channel point to point. Number of series connected PC is not limited. Each PC can be connected to one or more of the PC and / or speakers.
Composition of MS:
two-module wireless bridge / router;
two external antenna;
cables for antennas.
User station
AS is designed for wireless networks and individual users to the BS, or MS.
The composition of the AU:
subscriber's wireless bridge / router with integrated antenna or connector for an external antenna;
directional antenna and antenna cable for models without an integrated antenna.
BWA network with arbitrary topology MESH
To create a broadband wireless network with arbitrary topology can be used by any device SkyMAN, but it is preferable to use devices with external omni-directional antennas.
The main features of networks MESH:
a single management protocol wired and wireless network segments;
network is a spatially distributed switch;
Routing Protocol - at the convergence of IP-MAC;
choose an optimal route based on the assessment of the channels of communication, problem solving NLOS bypass obstacles;
embedded in every device IP-router;
the ability to create rapidly deployable networks for first responders.
unification into a single virtual network geographically separated units (supports VPN);
fixed access to the Internet;
priority transmission VoIP;
transmission of video and telemetry;
rapid deployment of temporary networks topology MESH.
System equipment SkyMAN made on the basis of the hardware platform development and production of InfiNet Wireless, is running an operating system WANFlex and implements the architecture of wireless networks MINT development InfiNet.
The system uses two SkyMAN modification of the hardware platform: the base, which has raised productivity and intended mainly for the construction of base stations, and cheaper and less productive - the subscription. On both hardware platforms equipment is available in two versions: with N-type connectors (for connecting external antennas), or with integrated antenna.
All equipment SkyMAN is universal, ie, any device can act as any element of a wireless network - the base station or subscriber wireless point-to-multipoint, terminal or relay station channel junction point or a network of arbitrary topology MESH.
Structurally, all the equipment SkyMAN made in the form of two units: the external (ODU) and internal (IDU), as a rule, which serves as the power supply from AC or DC. External and internal components are interconnected with a twisted pair that carries the Ethernet traffic and constant voltage power ODU.
MINT & RMA
The system BWA SkyMAN implemented two types of architecture:
RMA (Remote Multiple Access),
MINT (MESH Interconnect Network Topology).
All devices SkyMAN support both types of architecture, using appropriate software portal.
Architecture RMA is the traditional architecture SkyMAN, supported topologies:
point to point with the ability to relay
point-to-multipoint to support the relay terminal stations.
RMA architecture built at the network level and is implemented through integrated in each device routers. Most existing networks based on equipment SkyMAN (Revolution), use the architecture of RMA. Currently, active development of RMA terminated due to exhaustion of its development. InfiNet Company provides support RMA, eliminating the problems identified and the minimum required building functionality.
Network architecture MINT (Mesh Interconnection Network Topology)
MINT architecture supports arbitrary network topologies MESH, including as special cases, the topologies supported by the RMA. MINT architecture is based on the level of convergence between the network and link layer network and does not require for the operation of routers. Nevertheless, the functionality built-in router is stored in each device.
Architecture MINT is currently the most promising and provides great potential for development of functionality. InfiNet Company recommends the use of architecture MINT to create new networks and phased transfer of existing networks in this architecture.
Features MINT.
Operates on the data transfer channels and networks of any physical implementation.
Builds on the features of wireless channels and networks.
Implemented at the level of convergence between the network and MAC-level.
Any device can simultaneously function as a Router, Bridge or VLAN Switch.
Supports all types of network topologies: point to point, point-to-multipoint relay, arbitrary topology MESH.
Any device can be any element of any topology, and, depending on conditions, to serve as a base, a hub, repeater, termination and subscriber stations.
Adaptation to topology, bandwidth and transmission speed, self-organizing network.
Network elements SkyMAN
BWA network SkyMAN are based on the universal wireless bridge / router. Each unit can serve as any network component, however, due to various performance and functionality is recommended to implement a specific network element corresponding to the device.
SkyMAN device used to construct the following network elements:
base station (BS) - a set of one to six devices SkyMAN with omni-directional or sector antennas connected to the backbone network and to ensure exchange of traffic with subscriber and relay stations within the service area;
relay station (RS) - a two-module unit SkyMAN (with two air interfaces), which provides retransmission of the signal on the wired interface to a PC can be connected to LAN or a separate network device;
subscriber station (AU) - a device SkyMAN with integrated or external antenna provides transmission of data between network users and the BS (or MS);
Terminal Station (OS) - terminal channel point to point, for OS deployment can be used as a device SkyMAN with integrated and external antennas.
Topology networks SkyMAN
Point-to-point
Channels point to point on the equipment SkyMAN provide work within line of sight at distances determined by energy potential of radio links, with a transfer rate depending on your hardware and bandwidth. OS is recommended to use equipment with integrated antennas. In cases where this equipment does not provide the required range / speed, you must use the device with external antennas.
SkyMAN equipment in a typical embodiment of a complete set indoor units (IDU) provides transfer traffic Ethernet. When using the IDU type of IDU-RJ-2E1 or IDU-RJ-4E1 transmits two or four E1, respectively, with parallel transfer traffic Ethernet.
To create a multi-span channels are used by MS. For channels with a transfer rate of up to 36 Mbps is recommended to use as a PC a two-module unit with external antennas, in all other cases - the same device that the OS, interconnected via Ethernet at the level of indoor units (ODU).
BWA network topology point-to-multipoint
BWA network SkyMAN may include one or more base stations (BS), the combined wireless SkyMAN highways or other communication channels. Each RBC contains from one to six sectors.
Network topology BWA SkyMAN point-to-multipoint
The network may include relay stations (RS), which increases the range and allow to bypass the major obstacles blocking the BS from the individual speakers.
Speakers are connected by radio to a BS or MS. AC located in the zone of radio visibility of more than one BS may be registered in each of them, supporting an adaptive selection of the BS with the best quality of service. This property allows the system to provide hot backup channel AC-REF, enhancing the reliability of the network as a whole.
Base station
BC built in a modular and can include from one to six modules, depending on bandwidth requirements, transmission distance, use of the frequency range and availability of frequencies. Each module (or radio interfaces in a two-module model) provides a spatial service sector within the pattern of the antenna. BS equipment imposes no restrictions on the width of the sector.
The composition of RBCs include:
wireless bridges / routers - from 1 to 6, one for each sector. For low-BS can use a two-module wireless bridges / routers - one for the two sectors. Odnosektornye BS delivers transfer speeds up to 54 Mbps. Multi-sector BS accommodates speeds up to 48 Mbps per sector. BS sector, built on the equipment SkyMAN, using technology MIMO 2x2, delivers transfer speeds up to 300 Mbps in 40 MHz bandwidth and up to 150 Mbps in 20 MHz band;
antenna-feeder devices - the number of sectors of the base station;
Switch Ethernet (optional);
Rack Mount IDU equipment (optional);
uninterruptible power supplies (optional).
Template for 6-sector BS
Relay station
PC is designed to increase range of BS, bypassing the major obstacles and to create long main channel point to point. Number of series connected PC is not limited. Each PC can be connected to one or more of the PC and / or speakers.
Composition of MS:
two-module wireless bridge / router;
two external antenna;
cables for antennas.
User station
AS is designed for wireless networks and individual users to the BS, or MS.
The composition of the AU:
subscriber's wireless bridge / router with integrated antenna or connector for an external antenna;
directional antenna and antenna cable for models without an integrated antenna.
BWA network with arbitrary topology MESH
To create a broadband wireless network with arbitrary topology can be used by any device SkyMAN, but it is preferable to use devices with external omni-directional antennas.
The main features of networks MESH:
a single management protocol wired and wireless network segments;
network is a spatially distributed switch;
Routing Protocol - at the convergence of IP-MAC;
choose an optimal route based on the assessment of the channels of communication, problem solving NLOS bypass obstacles;
embedded in every device IP-router;
the ability to create rapidly deployable networks for first responders.
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